Term
| What factors affect nutrient essentiality? |
|
Definition
-species
-physiological status
-bacteria in GIT |
|
|
Term
True or False
Glucose itself is not essential in the diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is glucose essential for? |
|
Definition
brain
red blood cells
kidney function |
|
|
Term
| Where can gluconeogenesis occur, and what happens to the glucose product? |
|
Definition
Liver: exported to rest of body
Kidney: for own use |
|
|
Term
| What are the class, order, family, genus & species of the osprey? |
|
Definition
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Pandionidae
Genus: Pandion
Species: haliaetus |
|
|
Term
| What are the class, order, family, genus & species of the bald eagle? |
|
Definition
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Haliaeetus
Species: Leucocephalus |
|
|
Term
| If grass weighs 100g fresh, and 23% after drying, what is the %DM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components measured in proximate analysis? |
|
Definition
Dry Matter
Ether Extract
Ash (minerals)
Crude Protein
Crude Fiber (plant cell walls)
Nitrogen Free Extract (sugars) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two methods of nutrient analysis? |
|
Definition
Proximate Analysis
Van Soest Detergent Fiber Analysis |
|
|
Term
| What is a problem with measuring DM in proximate analysis? |
|
Definition
| loss of VFAs & alcohols during drying |
|
|
Term
| What would you use to extract ether from DM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you calculate ether extract? |
|
Definition
| weight of EE residue / wt of dry sample X 100 |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with measuring ether extract in proximate analysis? |
|
Definition
| plant pigments, resins & volatile oils are included (up to 50%!) but these are not nutrients |
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate mineral (ash) content? |
|
Definition
| weight of ash / weight of DM pre EE X 100 |
|
|
Term
| What formula is used to calculate crude protein? |
|
Definition
| N in dry sample X 6.25 / wt DM X 100 |
|
|
Term
| What is the assumption made when calculating crude protein content using proximate analysis? |
|
Definition
all proteins are 16% nitrogen (ranges from 13-19% in reality)
-assumes all N is from protein (yet urea, uric acid, ammonium salts, some B vits etc contain N) |
|
|
Term
| How would you calculate crude fiber content using proximate analysis? |
|
Definition
| (weight of residue from boiling - Ash) / weight of dry sample X 100 |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with calculating crude fiber using proximate analysis? |
|
Definition
| underestimates total fiber as some hemicellulose & cellulose are dissolved |
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate NFE using proximate analysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fibrous components of the plant cell wall? |
|
Definition
pectin
cellulose
hemicellulose
lignin |
|
|
Term
| What remains after boiling a food with a neutral detergent fiber? What is the issue with this method? |
|
Definition
cellulose, hemicellulose & lignin
-lose pectin
-may contain keratin
-may contain soil minerals |
|
|
Term
| What remains after boiling with an acid detergent fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is metabolizable energy? What is the unit used? |
|
Definition
| -energy intake at a metabolically useful level (kcal/g) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the energy used for maintenance, growth, production, voluntary activity, thermoregulation etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gross E - fecal E - urinary E - gaseous E |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Apparent Metabolizable Energy
food energy (GE)
True Metabolizable Energy
GE - fecal energy - endogenous energy |
|
|
Term
| Which would be more accurate to use when calculating proteins or fats, AME or TME? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
AME is an accurate measurement of ME for fiber & carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A warm-blooded animal is also known as a.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the average internal core temperature of the following, +/- 1 degree C?
Birds
Mammals
Marsupials
Monotremes |
|
Definition
Birds 40
Mammals 38
Marsupials 34
Monotremes 30 |
|
|
Term
| A cold-blooded animal is also known as a... |
|
Definition
| poikilotherm or ectotherm |
|
|
Term
| What are behavioural homeotherms? |
|
Definition
| animals that maintain a fairly constant, high body temperature by moving between sun & shade e.g. some reptiles |
|
|
Term
| What can be done to maintain temperature in the thermoneutral zone? |
|
Definition
| piloerection, postural changes, shelter, stand in sun, vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| That is the thermal comfort zone? |
|
Definition
| When a homeothermic animal can maintain a stable core body temperature without having to make any changes in metabolic rate or behavioural strategys |
|
|
Term
True or False
BMR must be measured in a post-absorptive state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate metabolic body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
a 100kg animal has 2x the energy needs of a 50kg animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Smaller animals have a higher energy requirement for basal metabolism per unit of body weight, than a larger animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate CP based on %N of a food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you convert calories to joules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many kcal are in fat? CHO? Protein? |
|
Definition
Fat 9kcal/g DM
CHO 4kcal/g DM
Protein 5kcal/g DM for DE
4kcal/g DM for ME |
|
|
Term
| How much water is found in adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much water is found in muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the water content of an animal's body? |
|
Definition
60% for a high fat animal
80% for a lean, young, growing animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substrates are used for gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
AA's
glycerol
propionic acid
lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are not gluconeogenic? |
|
Definition
|
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