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Anatomy and Physiology II: Unit 5 Digestive & Urinary System
N/A
96
Anatomy
11th Grade
05/22/2015

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Term
Basic electrical rhythm
Definition
determines frequency of the contractions in the GI tract (3/ minute)
Term
Bicarbonate
Definition
produced by duodenum, liver, and pancreas to decrease acidity of chyme by mixing with it before it enters the small intestine so that it doesn't burn through it
Term
bile
Definition
breaks down fat to increase surface area so that enzymes can attach themselves to it and digest it, CCK causes it be released the gall bladder
Term
cephalic phase
Definition
before the food reaches the stomach; when you think of food, touch food, taste food, etc, results in increase of HCl in stomach in preparation for digestion, not as much HCL is made in this phase as in the gastric phase
Term
chemoreceptors
Definition
in the gastric phase, able to detect food, triggers hormones that signal the increase of HCl
Term
chief cells
Definition
produce pepsinogen
Term
circular muscles
Definition
present in stomach and esophagus, work with longitudinal for peristalsis
Term
duodenum
Definition
first foot of the small intestine
Term
Duodenal hormones:
Definition
Secretin, cholecystokimin (CCK), and vasoctive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
Term
G cells
Definition
produce gastrin
Term
gall bladder
Definition
stores bile and stimulated by CCK to respond to high levels of fat
Term
gastrin
Definition
produced by G cells when chemoreceptors detect food; stimulates parietal cells for HCl production
Term
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
Definition
produced by K cells; response to high levels of glucose; decreases concentration of HCl in duodenum and increases insulin production by pancreas
Term
gastric phase
Definition
when food gets in the stomach and secretions increase to turn food to chyme
Term
Glucose
Definition
leaves stomach first during stomach emptying
Term
HCl
Definition
converts pepsinogen to pepsin
Term
histamine
Definition
stimulates parietal cells to produce HCl
Term
I cells
Definition
create CCK in response to high levels of fat and protein
Term
Ileocecal sphincter
Definition
between small and large intestines
Term
Insulin
Definition
signals the presence of glucose
Term
intestinal phase
Definition
the slowing down of gastric secretions (when chyme is in intestines)
Term
K cells
Definition
produce GIP which responds to glucose, increasing insulin production and decreasing HCl concentration
Term
lipids
Definition
last to leave the stomach during stomach emptying; separate from aqueous chyme
Term
liver
Definition
produces bile
Term
longitudinal muscles
Definition
present in the stomach and esophagus, have pacemaker cells that cause the stomach to contract three times per minute
Term
lower esophageal sphincter
Definition
prevents HCl from going back up the esophagus
Term
oblique muscles
Definition
present in the stomach, churning
Term
Pancreas
Definition
produces enzymes and insulin
Term
parietal cells
Definition
secrete hydrochloric acid
Term
pepsin
Definition
breaks down proteins during the gastric phase
Term
pepsinogen
Definition
precursor form of pepsin; secreted by chief cells
Term
pyloric sphincter
Definition
closes with each contraction, allows only 3mL of liquid/small particles into the duodenum per contraction
Term
S cells
Definition
produce secretin which responds to high acidity and inhibits gastrin and increases bicarbonate production in the duodenum
Term
salivary glands
Definition
produce saliva which breaks downs carbohydrates and sugars
Term
stomach
Definition
turns food to chyme
Term
stretch receptors
Definition
gastric phase; in the stomach tissue, detects the presence (or absence) of food and signal for secretion (or inhibition) of HCl
Term
vagal reflex
Definition
when you think about food and HCl, gastrin, and histamine are produced in the stomach during cephalic phase
Term
acidosis
Definition
when there is too much acid in the body, results from the accumulation of acid or from the depletion of alkaline reserves, the pH of the blood is abnormally low
Term
afferent arteriole
Definition
the blood vessel (arteriole) that leads into the glomerulus
Term
aldosterone
Definition
from the adrenal gland in the adrenal cortex, increases sodium reabsorption
Term
alkalosis
Definition
the build up of basic substances within the body
Term
ammonium
Definition
can decrease the PH of urine with its extra hydrogen ion
Term
angiotensin II
Definition
increases blood pressure, the active form of angiotensinogen
Term
angiotensinogen
Definition
the inactive form of angiotensin
Term
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Definition
from the posterior pituitary gland, increases water reabsorption, the stimulus is high blood solute concentration
Term
ascending limb of the Loop of Henle
Definition
NaCl leaves through this limb
Term
bicarbonate buffer
Definition
buffer of the bicarbonate form- reduces acidity because of the additional hydrogen ion
Term
Bowman's capsule
Definition
helps filtrate blood to form urine
Term
buffers
Definition
in body and lungs, involved in the rapid adjustment of your blood's pH by the increase of Hydrogen ions
Term
capsular hydrostatic pressure
Definition
the resistance of blood entering the glomerular capsule
Term
countercurrent exchange
Definition
when the properties of one fluid are transferred to another fluid
Term
countercurrent multiplier
Definition
creates a concentration gradient by expending energy
Term
descending limb of the Loop of Henle
Definition
limb of the loop of Henle through which water molecules exit
Term
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Definition
water, urea, and salts from within the limb of Henle eventually pass through here
Term
efferent arteriole
Definition
the blood vessel (arteriole) that leads out of the glomerulus
Term
fenestrae
Definition
holes in endothelium of the glomerular capillaries, filters by size
Term
filtrate
Definition
the substances filtered out of the blood, excess nutrients, harmful substances, etc.
Term
filtration membrane
Definition
the membrane of the capillaries through which harmful material in the blood is filtered out
Term
filtration slits
Definition
space between podocytes which filter based on size
Term
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Definition
the rate at which blood is filtered
Term
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Definition
chief pressure against the flow of blood
Term
glomerulus
Definition
filtration unit of the kidney
Term
glutamine
Definition
most common amino acid in muscles, helps regulate acid balance by producing ammonium
Term
juxtaglomerular apparatus
Definition
regulates the functions of the nephrons, formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole
Term
juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)
Definition
synthesize, store, and secrete renin, located in the kidney
Term
K+ channel
Definition
potassium channels that allow potassium ions to leave the cell
Term
macula densa cells
Definition
detect the high solute filtrates with chemoreceptors,
Term
medullary osmotic gradient
Definition
produced by active transport of sodium by the ascending limb
Term
myogenic mechanism
Definition
when the arteries and arterioles react to an increase or decrease of blood pressure in order to keep the blood flow constant
Term
Na+ channel
Definition
sodium channels that allow sodium to enter the cell
Term
nephron
Definition
basically makes the kidney work
Term
nitrogenous waste
Definition
metabolic waste product containing nitrogen
Term
osmolarity
Definition
number of solute particles per liter
Term
peritubular capillary
Definition
blood vessels that travel beside the nephrons and allow reabsorption and secretion between blood and the nephron
Term
phosphate buffer
Definition
buffer in the form of phosphate
Term
plasma colloid pressure
Definition
pressure created by plasma proteins
Term
podocytes
Definition
foot cells, make slits which filter on size
Term
protein buffer
Definition
help maintain the acidity of blood by controlling the amount of H+ available
Term
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Definition
reabsorbs nutrients from the filtrate, connects to the Bowman capsule
Term
reabsorption
Definition
when nutrients from the filtrate are reabsorbed into the kidney
Term
renal plexus
Definition
connects the glomerulus, tubules, and vessels to the ureteric plexus
Term
renal regulation
Definition
regulating the acidity within the kidneys
Term
renin-angiotensin
Definition
renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin I which is converted by ACE to angiotensin II
Term
solutes
Definition
molecules suspended in a solvent
Term
sympathetic nerves
Definition
part of nervous system that helps to regulate secretions and contractions of muscles
Term
tight junctions
Definition
connection of cell membranes with no space in between the cells
Term
tubular secretion
Definition
secretions of the tubules
Term
tubuloglomerular mechanism
Definition
in charge of the automatic regulation of GFR and RBF
Term
urea
Definition
waste that is excreted through urine
Term
vasa recta
Definition
arteries near the top of the loop of Henle
Term
vasoconstriction
Definition
constriction of blood vessels
Term
vasodilation
Definition
dilation of blood vessels
Term
water channels
Definition
allow passive passage of polar water
Term
Secretin
Definition
Secreted by S cells. Stimulates exocrine portion of the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate (HCO3-) into the pancreatic fluid (neutralizes acidity of intestinal contents), responds to high acid concentration- inhibits gastrin, which in turn inhibits HCl production, making the chyme less acidic so it doesn’t burn through the small intestine and also allows enzymes in intestine to work in a more basic environment
Term
Cholecystokimin (CCK)
Definition
Secreted by I cells. Stimulates the gallbladder to contract and force bile into the intestine; Causes release of pancreatic digestive enzymes into the pancreatic fluid
Term
Vasoctive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
Definition
stretch receptor response during intestinal phase that increases intestinal activity
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