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z- Test #4 Disorders
MLS 4625 Dr. Saleh A. Naser Fall 2010
15
Chemistry
Undergraduate 4
12/02/2010
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Term
Hyponatremia
 Definition
(hypoaldosteronism)
 Deleptional (Addison's Disease)
• Due to diet (potassium azide )
• Excessive Sweat
• Prolonged vomiting
• Persistent diarrhea
• Deficiency in absorption
• Net loss of Na+
 Dilutional
• Retention of H2O
• Pregnancy
• Edema
• the amount of sodium you have doesn't change but the water volume increases
Term
Hypernatremia
 Definition
 Net gain of Na+ in plasma
• During sweating
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Down ADH
• Cushing syndrome (Hyperaldosteronism)
o Leads to hypernatremia
o They will have hypokalemia
 Will lead to hypernatriuria: overflow of Na in urine
Term
Hypernatriuria
 Definition
 Up excretion of Na+ -> urine
• Diuretic Therapy
• Adrenal Therapy
• Adrenal Failure
• Salt-losing diseases
Term
Hypokalemia
 Definition
 found in pts with
• Hypernatremia
• Hypoinsulinemia
• alkalosis (pH that is slightly higher extracellular pH 7.45, 7.50, 7.55), normal pH is 7.3-7.4
 Diet
 Increase loss of K+
 Insulin Therapy
Term
Hyperkalemia
 Definition
 Found in pts with hyponatremia
 Loss of H2O > loss of K+
 IV unit of KCl
 Pt. w/ perotonial Dialysis
 Hemolytic Diseases
Term
Hypochloremia
 Definition
 Diet (Mal-nutrition/absorption)
 Prolonged vomiting
 Salt loosing diseases
Term
Hypercholoremia
 Definition
 Dehydration
• Loss of H2O > loss of Cl-
 Diarrhea
 Salicylation Intoxication
Term
Hypercapnia
 Definition
 Up tCO2
 Metabolic Alkalosis
 Repertory Acidosis
 Vomiting
 Hypocalemia Cases
 Excessive intake of Alkali reagents (Sodium Fluoride)
 Pts with hypokalemia
Term
Hypocapnia
 Definition
 Down CO2
 Metabolic Acidosis
 Repertory Alkalosis
 Renal Acidosis
 Hyperchloremia (opposite of vomiting)
 renal failure (no reabsorption)
Term
Metabolic Acidosis
 Definition
o Due to primary HCO3- defect
o Causes
 Production of organic acids
• Ketosis (D.M. or starvation)
• Lactic Acidosis (Extreme muscle metabolism)
• Product of Acetic acid [Alcohol intoxicity]
• Aceto acetates production > elimination
 Reduction in excretion of acids
• Renal failure
 Excessive loss of HCO3- “diarrhea”
 Renal Failure down renal reabsorption of HCO3-
• Renal tubular acidosis
 Net (HCO3-/pCO2) down
 pH < 7.35
Term
Metabolic Alkalosis
 Definition
o Primary HCO3- excess ( > 28 mmol/L)
o Causes
 Administration of excess alkali solution
 Excessive ingestion of Alkaline agents
 Less of HCl = vomiting
 K+ depletion (hyperaldosteronism)
• Up reabsorption of Na+
• Enhances reabsorption of HCO3-
 Renal retention of HCO3-
 Prolonged administration of Diuretics
 Net (HCO3-/pCO2) up
 pH > 7.35
 Compensated pCO2 > 47mmHg
o Solution
 Hypoventilation
 Decrease reabsorption of HCO3-
Term
Respiratory Acidosis
 Definition
o Primary pCO2 excess
o Cause
 Excessive ingestion of Alkaline agents
 Lower elimination of CO2 through lungs
 Net (HCO3-/pCO2) down
 pH < 7.35
o Solution
 Lungs: Hyperventilation
 Renal: Up Reabsorption of H2CO3; Up excretion of HCO3-
 Compensated respiratory acidosis
• pCO2 > 47mmHg
Term
Respiratory Alkalosis
 Definition
o Primary pCO2 Deficit
o Cause
 Excessive elimination of CO2 through lungs
 Net (HCO3-/pCO2) Up
 pH > 7.45
 CO2 low
 H2CO3 low
 HCO3- normal to high
o Solution
 Lungs: Hyperventilation
 Renal: Up Reabsorption of H2CO3; Up excretion of HCO3-
Term
Hyperventilation
 Definition
CO2 down pH up
Term
Hypoventilation
 Definition
CO2 up pH down
(Hypercapnia)
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