Term
| What are the three categories of Emerging Diseases? |
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Definition
1.a new infection resulting from the evolution or change of an existing pathogenic agent
2.A known infection spreading to a new geographic area or population
3. a previously unrecognized pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time and which has a significant impact on animal or public health. |
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Term
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Definition
a vertebrate reservoir exclusive to humans
Transmission can be directly, from animal products, or a vector |
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Term
| is transmission of a zoonotic disease from human to human common? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are vector borne diseases? |
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Definition
| a disease which is transferred from one person to another by a vector (arthropod or other agent) |
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Term
| what does the successful transmission of a vector borne disease depend on? |
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Definition
1.the pathogenic agent
2. the vector
3. the human host |
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Term
| what are the factors in the emergence of infectious diseases? (9 of them) |
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Definition
population growth
deforestation
Expansion of human populations into previously uninhabited forested and suburban areas
climate change
Speed and ease of travel
pet trade/animal products
dam building
war and societal disruptions
pathogen evolution |
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Term
| where is the yellow belt? what direction is it moving? Why? |
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Definition
| The yellow belt is the area where yellow fever is found. Currently the equator is the line but climate change is causing it to move North due to warming. |
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Term
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Definition
| domesticated and or wild animals that harbors a pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| parasite reaches sexual maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| any non-human organism that can react to an environmental contaminant before the contaminant impacts people |
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Term
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Definition
| # or seropositive individuals in population |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
(CFR)
proportion of infected animals that die from a disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| increased proportion of resistant individuals decreases the susceptible population |
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Term
| Is a prion disease zoonotic |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the Prion diseases we are concerned about? |
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Definition
1.Bovine spongiform encepthalitis
or BSE
or Mad Cow Disease
2. Chronic Wasting Disease (found in Deer)
3. Scrapie (found in goats)
4. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
or vCJD (found in humans) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| How is Rabies transmitted? |
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Definition
| Saliva from racoon, skunk, cats, dogs, and aerosolized bat excrement (rare) |
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Term
CS of Rabies?
animals
humans |
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Definition
animals- behavior changes, paralysis and death
humans- dyspagia, paralysis, death nearly 100% within 2-10 days |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Contagious ecthyma or sore mouth |
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Term
| what type of disease is Orf? |
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Definition
| Pox virus of sheep and goats |
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Term
What are the clinical signs of Orf to humans?
How is it transmitted? |
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Definition
CS chicken pox type lesion on fingers hands, face and arms that can last 6 weeks
Transmission-contact with lesions |
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Term
How does Orf exist in the environment?
is there a vaccine? |
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Definition
apules crust and fall off and remain infectious in the environment for years.
yes |
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Term
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Definition
Lymphocytic Choriomentingitis
arenavirus |
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Term
| what is the reservoir host for LCM? |
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Definition
| house mouse (Mus musculis) |
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Term
CS of LCM?
why is it under reported?
can other species give it to humans? |
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Definition
flu like most resolve but can turn into meningitis
lack of awareness
yes |
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Term
| what type of virus is West Nile? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the resevoir hosts for West Nile? |
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Definition
| passerine (american robin and house sparrow are super spreaders) |
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Term
| what is the name of the mosquito vector of West Nile in Il? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Sentinel for West Nile? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where was West Nile first reported? |
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Definition
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Term
| CS of West Nile in humans |
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Definition
flu-like which resolve persitent fatigue
can be Neuroinvasive causing Encephalitis, meningitis, paralysis and death |
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Term
| What type of virus is the Avian Flu? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the reservoir host for the Avian Flu? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What was the 1918 Pandemic of Avian flu called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| antigenic drift vs shift? |
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Definition
drift = point mutations
shift = Subtype reassortment, transfer of whole virus into new host, add re-emergence of previous virus |
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Term
| what are the epidemic requirements? |
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Definition
1. new infulenza must emerge in species
with little to no immunity
2. virus must produce disease in that
species
3. Sustainable transmission must occur in
new species |
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Term
| why wasn't the 1997 epizootic H5N1 virus an epidemic? |
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Definition
| it failed to meet the the third requirement of sustainable transmission in new species |
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Term
| why is the swine a concern when comes to H5N1? |
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Definition
| it is a mixing vessel. it carries receptors for swine,bird and human flu. |
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Term
| where is the highest mortality rate for H5N1 found |
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Definition
| in 10-19 year olds (young and strong) |
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Term
| What type of virus is the Hantavirus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is HPS and what are CS? |
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Definition
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
flulike symptoms wiht rapid progression into respiratory failure
38% mortality rate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome |
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Term
| what is the reservoir host for Hanavirus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Hanavirus transmitted? |
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Definition
| Aerosol or dried feces/urine/or saliva |
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Term
| what type of virus is Lassa? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the reservoir for Lassa? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the most frequently imported arenavirus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how is Lassa transmitted? |
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Definition
| Aerosol and direct contact |
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Term
| what type of virus is Marburg |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how is Marburg transmitted? |
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Definition
| Direct contact and possible insect routes |
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Term
CS of Marburg?
who is Marburg highly fatal in? |
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Definition
acute flu-like leading to hemorrhagic fever V/D leading to DIC, thrombocytopenia and hemorrage.
NHP and humans |
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Term
| What type of virus is Ebola? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Direct contact and possible insect routes |
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Term
| what is the reservoir for Ebola? |
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Definition
|
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Term
CS of Ebola?
Who is it highly fatal in? |
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Definition
flu-like leading to hemorrhagic fever V/D leading to DIC thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage.
humans and NHP |
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Term
Mange/Scabies
transmission? |
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Definition
Sarocoptes scabiei
direct contact with animal |
|
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Term
which TB is the human the reservoir?
how is it transmitted?
is it zoonotic? |
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Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
aerosol transmission
reverse zoonosis |
|
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Term
| how is Mycobacterium tuberculosis described in the body? |
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Definition
| cell mediated hypersensitivity contains replication within lung and lymph node granulomas |
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Term
what is the reservoir for M.Bovis?
transmission?
zoonosis? |
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Definition
Bovine
ingestion of unpasterized milk and aerosol
reverse zoonosis. |
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Term
| Is M.bovis spread person to person? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the challenges of M.bovis? |
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Definition
multi drug resistance in the beginning
controlling the spread, deers especially a problem |
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Term
What is MAC?
what is the reservoir? |
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Definition
Mycobacterium avium-interacellulare
broad host range including eviromental |
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Term
| two types of MAC which one is serious in Aids patients? What is the other one? |
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Definition
M. avium
M.avium paraturberculosis
Johnes's disease in cattle
Crohnes disease in humans |
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Term
What type of pathogen is Leptospirosis?
how transmitted? |
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Definition
spirochete bacteria
direct-shed in urine
indirect-environmental |
|
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Term
| what does leptospirosis require to survive? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
C.S. of Leptospirosis in animals
Humans? |
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Definition
icterus,bloody diarrhea, renal failure
Mild (non specific cs)
severe form (multi organ failure/meningitis |
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Term
What pathogen causes Lyme Disease?
transimission? |
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Definition
Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete)
Vector-deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) |
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Term
what animals is Lyme disease typically found in?
CS? |
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Definition
Horses, dogs and cattle
Lameness and Lymphadentitis |
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Term
| What happens to humans during the early stage of Lyme disease? |
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Definition
Erythema migrans at tick bite 7-10 days later in 90% infected
starts as a red papule expands to a large lesion resembling a target
systemic symptoms, fever, myalgia,arthralgia,malaise,headache,stiff neck and lympadenopathy |
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Term
| what happens to humans during the secondary stage of Lyme disease? |
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Definition
| facial nerve palsy, dizziness,syncope,chest pain,palpitations, dyspnea, uveitis and meningitis |
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Term
| what happens to humans during the late stage of Lyme disease? |
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Definition
Asymmetric arthritis (Large Joints) especially knee with moderate tenderness
CNS, encephalitis, encephalopathy and polyneuropathy |
|
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Term
| what % of adults, children does antibiotics respond to in late stage lyme disease? |
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Definition
10% adults
less than 5% children |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| round worm (toxocara or baylisascaris |
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Term
| transmission of toxocariasis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
cs of toxocariasis in humans
animals? |
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Definition
humans-cough, weezing,abdominal pain,strabismus and blindness
animals-pot bellied puppies, spaghetti like worms vomited or passed in stool |
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Term
Hydatidois?
definitive host?
transmission? |
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Definition
echinococcus (tape worms
carnivore
fecal oral |
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Term
toxoplasmosis?
definitive/reservoir host? |
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Definition
Toxoplasma gondii (protozoal parasite)
feline |
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Term
Chagas?
vector?
what conditions/occupations are most likely to contract this? |
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Definition
American Trypansomiasis
kissing bug
poverty,vets,hunters |
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Term
CS of Chagas in humans and Dogs
acute phase?
intermediate phase?
chronic phase? |
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Definition
1.flu-like with chagoma (swelling at bite site)
2.asymptomatic for 5-40 years
3.organ failure (heart most common) |
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Term
| who is not a good host for Chagas? Why? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
what is the pathogen for Listeriosis?
transmision?
CS animals?
Humans? |
|
Definition
Listeria monocyogenes (gram+ rod)
ingestion of contaminated food and dairy
encephalitis (circling disease) and mastitis
humans-mild flu like or GI/fever
abortions
meningitis (often fatal) in immunocompromised |
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Term
| when does Listeria replicated in the soil? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease is known as wool sorters disease? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the pathogen that causes Anthrax? |
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Definition
| Bacillus anthracis (gram+ rod) |
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Term
| Where is cutaneous Anthrax found? |
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Definition
| spores found on animal products or soil and 95% of all cases a fly bite |
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|
Term
cs of cutaneous Anthrax?
fatality rate? |
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Definition
skin pustules form blackened scabs if untreated septicemia and death
5-20% |
|
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Term
| When is ingestion Anthrax most common? Why? |
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Definition
| after a rain. spores rise to the surface |
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Term
| Transmission ingestion Anthrax? |
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Definition
| contaminated meat comsumption |
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Term
| CS Animals ingestion Anthrax? |
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Definition
| sudden death, bleeding from orafaces |
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Term
Inhalation Anthrax how many spores needed for lethal dose?
when do clinical signs first appear? |
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Definition
2500-55,000 spores
over 60 days later |
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|
Term
cs for first phase inhalation Anthrax?
CS for second phase inhalation Anthrax?
fatality rate? |
|
Definition
1. flu-like symptoms
2. dyspnea, bloody V/D, sepsis, death within 24-36 hours
75-95% |
|
|
Term
What is the pathogen that causes Q fever?
reservoir?
transmission? |
|
Definition
Coxiella (gram - proteobacteria)
aerosol (parturient tissues,urine,feces,milk
direct contact (with tissues or ingestion) |
|
|
Term
CS of Q fever in humans
animals? |
|
Definition
50% subclinical
up to 50% flu like symptoms including pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| what percent of chronic form of Q fever relapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
treatment for Q fever?
easy to kill in environment? |
|
Definition
hygiene and pasterization
resistant |
|
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Term
| other terms for Brucellosis? |
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Definition
Undulant fever
Malta fever
Bangs disease |
|
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Term
| what is the pathogen that causes Brucellosis? |
|
Definition
| Brucella (gram- coccobacillus |
|
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Term
| How is Brucellosis transmitted? |
|
Definition
| direct,ingestion or inhalation |
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|
Term
C.S. of Brucellosis in Animals?
Humans?
where is there a vaccine program?
what is the eradication program? |
|
Definition
animals-abortions,orchitis and lymphadenitis
humans-undulating fever, muscle and joint pain, lymphadentitis
USA
Hygiene and pasturization |
|
|
Term
what is the pathogen for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
cs in animals
cs in humans
mortality rate? |
|
Definition
Ricketsia ricketsia (gram-coccobacilli)
animals-flu like or severe form neurologic, bleeding, heart damage
humans-flu like followed by rash & neurologic, pulmonary and circulatory damage
high |
|
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Term
| what is the pathogen causing the plague? |
|
Definition
| Yersinia Pestis (gram - coccobacilli) |
|
|
Term
| In what order of countries did the plague reach? |
|
Definition
| Constantinople,Europe,England,India |
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|
Term
What are the reservoirs for the plague?
what is the vector? |
|
Definition
rodents and lagomorphs
flea |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common form of the plague |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swollen and painful lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
cs of Bubonic plague?
fatality rate? |
|
Definition
Buboes,flu like, toxemia
50-60% |
|
|
Term
| what form of plague is known as the black death? why? |
|
Definition
Septicemic Purpura
tissue necrosis |
|
|
Term
CS Septicemic Purpura plague
fatality rate? |
|
Definition
epistaxis, hematuria,DIC, tissue necrosis
100% |
|
|
Term
what is the least common form of the plague?
transmission?
cs
fatality rate
what form is a BTT? |
|
Definition
Pneumonic
inhalation of organism,only form human to human
flu like symptoms with rapid progression to septicemia
100% |
|
|
Term
| what is the sentinal for the plague? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is Cat Scratch Disease?
Reservoir?
Transmission?
Animals cs
Humans cs
treatment? |
|
Definition
Bartonella henselae (gram- rod)
felids
cat bites or scratches
cats are asymptomatic
humans-lymphadenitis, abcess at lesion,fever, malaise,splenomegaly
supportive care difficult to eliminate with abx |
|
|
Term
Rabbit Fever?
reservoir
transmission
how many cases a year? |
|
Definition
Tularemia
rabbit and tick
aerosol,insect bite, direct contact, ingestion
100 |
|
|
Term
| What are the six forms of Tularemia? |
|
Definition
Ulceroglandular
glandular
oculoglandular
oropharyngeal
typhoidal
Pulmonary |
|
|
Term
| CS of Ulcerglandular Tularemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cs of glandular Tularemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cs. of oculoglandular tularemia |
|
Definition
| lymph nodes and conjuntivitis |
|
|
Term
cs. of oropharyngeal tularemia
What does it resemble?
transmission? |
|
Definition
pharyngitis with pseudomembrane diarrhea GI bleeding.
resembles diptheria
eating contaminated rabbit meat |
|
|
Term
cs typhoidal tularemia
mortality rate? |
|
Definition
septicemia following other forms, septicemia following inhalation
30-60% |
|
|
Term
cs. Pulmonary Tularemia?
transmission?
fatality rate
treatment? |
|
Definition
Pneumonia
inhalation
30-60%
antibiotics |
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|
