Term
| What do specialized niches allow? |
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Definition
1. Increases foraging efficiency
2. Decreases competition
3. Diet defines niche and morphology reflects diet
4. Generalized Vs Specialized Diets |
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Term
| Filter Feeding Catastomid Fish |
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Definition
-Gill Raker spacing determines prey size, converges in 1-species river, and diverges in 2-species rivers
-Reducing niche overlap(by niche divergence) results in resource partitioning |
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Term
| Suspension vs. Substrate Feeding |
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Definition
-Suspension feeding is filter feeding; Can happen in either water or air
-Substrate feeding is living in and moving through food; Eat mud, sand or soil(on land or in benthos in water) |
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Term
| Ambush vs. Attraction Predation |
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Definition
-Ambush predators have cryptic coloration; Komodo dragons, crab, and trapdoor spiders
-Attraction predation comes in chemical lures and visual lures; Chemical is usually pheromones(spiders) and Visual is variable(snapping turtles) |
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Term
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Definition
-Chimpanzees
-Some raptors
-Galapagos woodpecker finch
-New Caledonia crows |
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Term
| Predator Size Vs. Prey Size |
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Definition
| Predators eat prey smaller than they are unless they cooperate like canids, felids, orcas or ants |
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Term
| Chewing vs Injecting Toxins |
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Definition
-Poison saliva: shrews, cephalopods, and gila monsters
-Fang injection: spiders and snakes
-Stinger injection: wasps and scorpions |
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Term
| Neurotoxins vs. Hemotoxins |
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Definition
-Neurotoxins: Paralyze; blocks neurotransmitters that control movement; prevent escape and/or harm to predator
-Hemotoxins: Digest cell membrance phospholipids(eat larger prey); Aranchnids digest externally and drink prey |
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Term
| Fluid Feeding vs. Mastication |
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Definition
-masticate:create pulp/crush food by grinding teeth
-fluid feeding: External digestion; suck in food; spiders
-Sucking with tube; lap with brushy tongue
-Beaks and bills, teeth in vertebrates, and mandibles of insects |
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Term
| How is mastication helpful? |
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Definition
-Increases Surface Area to Volume ratios
-Small particles are more easily broken down by digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
1. Storage "crops" are common
2. Vertebrates and more have:
-Mouth
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Pancreas, Liver and Gall Bladder
-Small Intestine
-Large Intestine |
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Term
| Chemical Processing in Digestion |
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Definition
-Starts in the mouth
-Salivary glands moisten food to swallow and produce amylase to change starches to sugar
-The Esophagus uses peristaltic action to travel down |
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Term
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Definition
-Storage and Digestion
-Closed off by sphincters
-Parietal cells make HCl, which reduce pH to ~1.5
-Chief cells make pepsinogen, which at low pH becomes pepsin
-Mucus cells protect stomach lining from HCl
-Chyme: mixture of food, acid & enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
-Tied food onto a string and swallowed
-Extracted stomach fluids and did controlled experiments
-Fistulation is performed on ag animals(attach stomach to another organ) |
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Term
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Definition
-Found in the Liver
-Fat Emulsifier; Breaks large fat globs into droplets
-Stored in gall bladder
-Makes bile salts and pigments-dead RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
-Digestive Enzyme Factory
-Neutralizes pH with bicarbonate
-Enzyme in intestine wall activates pancreatic enzymes
-Enzymes convert fats into fatty acids, proteins into amino acids, and starches into sugars
-Hormonal regulation of blood sugar: Insulin to lower blood sugar and Glucagon to raise blood sugar |
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Term
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Definition
-Digestion and Absorption
-Large surface area because of folds, villi and microvilli; increase absorption
-Blood goes to live for glucose storage and detox
-Fatty acids enter lacteal of lympathic system |
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Term
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Definition
-Recaptures Water and Make Vitamins
-Brown color from bile pigments and RBC breakdown; 1/3 bacteria by weight(make Vitamin B & K and metabolize dietary fiber)
-Drug Absorprtion here bypasses liver detox
-Anus/Cloaca: some organisms have only one opening for defecation, excretion and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| The cavity into which both the intestinal and genitourinary tracts empty in reptiles, birds, amphibians and many fishes. In some invertebrates, a similar cavity serves for excretory, respiratory and reproductive ducts. |
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Term
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Definition
-Carnivore: Less complicated because meat easier to digest
-Herbivore: Complicated because cellulose is difficult to break(cell wall very tough); Rechewing needed
-Ruminants: Re-chew cud
-Rabbits: Re-chew feces |
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Term
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Definition
-Boa Hearts can increase 40% after a large meal, which increase digestion and need for oxygenated blood
-Migratory bird organs shrink during migration in response to lack of eating |
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Term
| Convergence of Gut Enzymes |
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Definition
| -Cows and langurs are both herbivores and produce similar enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Burn mass and measure energy in heated water |
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Term
| Fate of Chemical Energy in Animals |
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Definition
-Stored as blood sugars, liver and muscle glycogen, and body fat
-This energy is later used for metabolism, growth(some insects don't feed as adults) and reproduction |
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Term
| Where does the calories from a meal go? |
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Definition
-Feces(1/2)
-Growth(1/6)
-Cellular Respiration(1/3) |
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