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| An attempt to reveal the truth, not the absolute truth |
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| Bios: study of biosphere and Logos: study |
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| study of plants, leads to botany |
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| Study of animals leads to Zoology |
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General Characteristics of Animal Life
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Definition
1.All animals are composed of CELLS with a small volume of protoplasm enclosed in a membrane.
2.Living things show constancy of life.
3.Living things respond to an external stimulus.
4.Locomotion (Movement): External - movement of position.Internal - Peristalsis (wave like motion), Blood Pressure, Heart Beat.
5. metabolism: Living things undergo metabolism. It is the sum total of all the physical and chemical activities performed by an organism. It includes two processes:
a. Anabolism: process of synthesis, combining, or joining molecules within the body.
Ex. 6CO2 + 6H2O------->C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis needs chlorophyll, sunlight. It is endothermic and occurs in plants.
b. Catabolism: Breakdown of complex molecules.
Ex. C6H12O6 + 6O2 -------> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP (Energy)
Dephosphorylation of Energy
ATP ----------> ADP + P
Phosphorylation of Energy
ADP + P ---------> ATP + P
6.
6.Animals have capacity to grow by Mitosis. This cell division occurs in somatic or body cells.
Parent Cell (2X) -------> 4 Daughter Cells (2X)
7. Living organisms are capable of Reproduction. Formation of new individuals of same species. Two types: Asexual and Sexual
8. Organisms are always in a DYNAMIC STEADY STATE. Cells try to maintain Homeostasis (a balance)
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Definition
process of synthesis, combining, or joining molecules within the body
Photosynthesis needs chlorophyll, sunlight, It is an endothermic process and occurs in plants. |
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Definition
Breakdown of complex molecules
C6H12O6+6O2>>>>>6CO2+6H2O+38ATP |
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| Dephosphorylation of Energy |
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Definition
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| Phosphorylation of energy |
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Definition
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Definition
Budding: Yeast, Hydra
Spore Formation: Bread Mold
Binary Fission: Amoeba, Paramecium (Protozoa)
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Definition
By conjugatoin
higher animals |
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Definition
During sexual conjugation sex cells are formed by meiosis cell division.
Number of chromosomes is reduced to half (X)
Also called reduction cell division SPERMATOGENESIS
Male: testes, one 2X parent cell, 4 X sperm cells
Female: Ovary, 1 parent 2X, 3 small cells that degenerate, one egg, OOGENESIS
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Term
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Definition
| Sperm (X) + Egg (X) > Fertilized Egg/Zygote > Conception> Baby |
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Definition
Cells try to maintain homeostasis
balance |
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Definition
Recognition of Problem or Aim
Observation
Hypothesis: Formulating theory, It should be relevant and testable. This is called Inductive reasoning.
Experimentation
Result: Data, Graph, Diagram, Table (Deductive reasoning)
Bibliography, References, Literature cited.
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Definition
the place where an organism normally lives. Must have sufficient food. Ex. Marine, Freshwater, Terrestrial, Parasite.
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| due to Competition (which depends on demand and supply), Predation, Co-existence. |
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Definition
Plant eaters
Rabbits
Rats |
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Definition
| Meat eaters, Lions and Tigers |
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Definition
eat plants and meat
humans |
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Term
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Definition
decompose, break down, organic food and release locked energy
Bacteria and Fungus grow on dead organic matter
Often called Saprophytes
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Definition
prepare food by themselves
ex. photosynthesis in plants |
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Definition
| Break down the complex food groups (prepared by plants) ex: animals |
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Definition
| a population of potentiall interbreeding individuals that resemble one another more closely than they do with members of other species |
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Definition
| cells with primitive nucleus and no membrane bound organelles EX: Bacteria and Blue Green Algae. |
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Definition
| Animal cells with advanced nucleus and membrane bound organelle like Mitochondria, Golgi Body, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum are present. |
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Definition
Animals with one cell only
Amoeba, Paramecium, and Euglena (Pond Water Animals) |
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Definition
Animals with many cells
higher animals and plants |
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Definition
first animals
mostly primitive
pond water animals |
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Definition
after animals
multicellular
Ex. hydra planeria earthworm |
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Definition
animals with no backbone
Ameoba
Hydra
Earthworm |
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Definition
Animals with backbone or spinal column
Ex. Frog, Rabbit, Rat, Fish, and Humans |
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Definition
science of classification
Binomial: classification with two names
Genus- first name, Species- second name
Ex. Amoeba proteus, Lumbricus terrestris |
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Definition
| True Prokaryotes, Bacteria and Blue Green Algae |
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Definition
Eukaryotic
Protozoa and unicellular algae |
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Definition
Eukaryotic
multicellular, special cell wall composed of CHITIN
Fungus, Yeast, Bread Mold, Athletes Foot |
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Definition
Eukaryotic autotrophic, multicellular, cell wall composed of cellulose
higher plants and multicellular algae |
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Definition
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
motile with cell membrane (no cell wall) |
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Definition
Animals with pseudopods
body extensions from locomotion
vacuoles
Ex. Amoeba |
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Definition
flagellates (flagella - fibrous structure) for locomotion
Ex Euglena with cell membrane (animal) and chloroplast (plant), Volvox colony |
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Definition
animals with cilia all around the body for locomotion
paramecium |
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Definition
mostly parasitic, have sporozoite stage to enter the body of a host. Generally a vector is required.
Ex. Malarial parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
Habitat: Wide distrobution, Require moisture, they live in marine or fresh water habitats, soil, decaying organic matter or plants or animals. They may be sessile or free swimming (floating plankton) |
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