Term
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Definition
-Very early series of divisions of an embryo.
-Generally includes all of the embryonic stages up through the blastula stage |
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Term
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Definition
-Solid ball of cells
-Around the 16-32 stage |
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Term
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Definition
-Stage begins at the 32+ stage
-Characterized by hollow ball of cells
-Cavity is sometimes filled with yolk |
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Term
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Definition
| Single layer of cells composing the ouside of the blastula |
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Term
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Definition
| -Inner hollow area of the blastula |
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Term
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Definition
| -After addition of many thousands of cells its formed |
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Term
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Definition
| -Characterized opening in the gastrula, which cells move to the inside of the embryo |
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Term
| 3 recognizable embryonic tissue layers |
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Definition
1) ectoderm
2) endoderm
3) mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| -On the outside and will eventually form the skin and nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| -On the inside and will form the inner lining of the digestive system and certain digestive organs |
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Term
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Definition
| -Between ectoderm and endoderm and will eventually form many of the organisms layer structures like muscles, bones, and cartilege |
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Term
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Definition
| -Cavity of the gastrulaand is lined by the endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
1) Archenteron
2) Primative gut |
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Term
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Definition
-Is the mouth and develops at the blsatopore (primative condition)
-Mouth develops oppposite the blastopore (more advanced) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Is an intermediate between the egg and the adult |
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Term
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Definition
| -To improve the survival rate of the animal group |
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Term
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Definition
| -Is a double trip through mitosis, 2nd time around interphase is skipped allowing the chromosomes to not be duplicated |
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Term
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Definition
| -In males, the process of the formation of spermatozoa |
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Term
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Definition
| -In females the formation of ova |
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Term
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Definition
| -Found in the seminiferous tubules of the testes mitotically divide to form the primary spermatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
-Meiotically divide to form the spermatozoa (-zoon)
-Only cells in males that undergo meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| -Mitotically produce the primary oocytes |
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Term
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Definition
-Form ova (-um)
-Only cell in females that undergo meitoc divisions |
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Term
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Definition
| -the pairing of homologous chromosomes that occurs prior to their replication |
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Term
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Definition
-Constitute a pair of chromosomes, 1 member of each pair arises from each parent
-Genes deal with same traits diff characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
& about 30,000 genes |
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Term
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Definition
-means half set of chromosomes
-haploid of humans is 23 and abbreviated 1N |
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Term
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Definition
-Full set of chromosomes
-human body/somatic cells contain 46 or 23 pairs, abbreviated 2N |
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Term
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Definition
| -Duplicated pair of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
1) Head
2) Middle Peice
3) Tail |
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Term
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Definition
-Contains the acrosome, releases the enzyme hyaluronidase
-Contains haploid nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| -Acts upon hyaluronic acid, a major componentof the membranes surrounding the ovum, facilitates the fertilization process |
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Term
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Definition
| -Contains the mitochindrial spiral (provides energy), and axial filament (provides support) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Includes flagella-like tail for motility |
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Term
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Definition
1) Isolecithal
2) Teloecithal
3) Centrolecithal |
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Term
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Definition
-even yolk distribution throughout the egg
ex. humans and most other mammals |
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Term
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Definition
-yolk distributed at one end of the cell, sometimes called discordial
ex. reptiles, birds, amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
-yolk distributed in the center of the egg
ex. arthrpods, like insects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -mouth develops at blastopore, less advanced therefore primative (invertebrates) |
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Term
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Definition
| Clevage pattern is spiral, means new embryonic cells are added in a spiral fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| -mouth develops opposite the blastopore, more advanced, includes vertebrates and echinoderms (like starfish) |
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Term
| Deuterostomes (clevage pattern) |
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Definition
| radial, meaning when embryonic cells are added, they move outwardly like spokes on a wheel |
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Term
| Thickening of the dorsal ectoderm |
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Definition
| -Earliest sign of the development of the vertebrate nervous system |
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Term
| Look at drawings on page 66 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Ultimately forms the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| Out-Pocketing of the Forebrain |
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Definition
| -First apperence of the vertebrate eye |
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Term
| Evagination of the Prosencephalon |
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Definition
| out-pocketing of the forebrain |
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Term
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Definition
| invaginates (grows upwards) to form the optic cup |
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Term
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Definition
Eye differentiates to form the
-outer transparent cornea
-crystalline protein lens
-pigmented smooth muscle iris
-pupil
-retina |
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Term
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Definition
Composed in part of the photoceptors like
-Rods (night and black and white vision)
-Cones (color and daylight vision) |
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Term
| Membranes associated with the developing embryo (4) |
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Definition
1) Yolk sac
2) Amnion
3) Allantois
4) Chorion |
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Term
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Definition
| -plays a nutritive role but is very limited |
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Term
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Definition
| -surrounds the embryo ans is filled with fluid (amniotic fluid) |
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Term
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Definition
| -umbilical cord (composed of 3 blood vessels, 2 arteries and a single vein) |
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Term
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Definition
transport waste toward the placenta, blood at this time is low in oxygen, high in CO2 and waste products
-arise from the internal iliac arteries in he lower abdominal region |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports enriched blood with nutrients and O2 from the placenta back to the fetus, blood in low in CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| is where nutrients, waste products, gases, electrolytes, and all other products will be exchanged with the mothers circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| are spererated by a few membranes but never mix |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost and toughest part of the embryonic membranes |
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Term
| Placenta's Structures (3) |
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Definition
1) Allantois
2) Chorion
3) Endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fish and amphibians, deposit their eggs in or near water |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives blood on the right side (right atrium) from the inferior vena cava |
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Term
| Unique Structures of the Fetal Heart (7) |
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Definition
1) Foramen Ovale
2) Ductus Arteriosus
3) Ductus Venosus
4) Allantois
5) Internal Iliac Arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| an opening between the right and left atria, allows highly O2ed blood from the placenta to the right arium to cross over to the left side, and then going into peripheal circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| vessel that joins the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allows O2ed blood to bypass the lungs and enter straight into peripheral cirulation |
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Term
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Definition
| liver bypass, allows inferior vena cava to transport blood directly to the right side of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
after birth, umbilical cord is tied, cut and knotted
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Term
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Definition
| Becomes much smaller after birth |
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Term
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Definition
| Fraternal/ Siblings twins, no closer related then siblings born years apart |
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Term
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Definition
| Identical twins genetically, occurs at the end of 2 cell stage during the cleavage divisions |
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Term
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Definition
-Law of Segregation
-law of Independent Assortment |
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Term
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Definition
| genes exist in pairs and in the formation of gametes, each one seperates into a different gamete |
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Term
| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| distribution of a pair of genes into gametes is independent of any other pair |
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Term
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Definition
| Fundamental units of heredity |
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Term
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Definition
| Place on chromosome where gene is located |
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Term
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Definition
other member of the gene pair
ex. Aa, a is the allele |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics are always expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics are never expressed unless another recessive gene is present |
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Term
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Definition
Represent dominant genes
ex. A |
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Term
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Definition
represent the ressesive genes
ex. a |
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Term
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Definition
Identical gene pair
ex. AA (Homo dominant)
aa (Homo ressesive) |
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Term
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Definition
Unlike gene pair, contain 1 dominant and 1 ressesive
ex. Aa |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
each parent can form 2 different types of gametes
ex. T & t |
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Term
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Definition
| valuable tool in the purebreed animal industry to insure the inheritence of desirable traits in a particular breed of animal |
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Term
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Definition
-22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans
-deal with genetic matters other than dtermining sex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(common in men)
1) pattern baldness
2) hemophilia
3) color blindness |
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Term
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Definition
| -AKA recombination, chromosomal segment swapping during synapsis and just before duplication, net result=genetic variability, this is not abnormal |
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Term
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Definition
| the occurance of genes on the same chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more independent pairs of genes may be interrelated, that neither dominant can produce its effect unless the other is present too |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 independent pairs of genes interact in the production of a trait, 1 dominant can produce its effect wheather or not the 2nd is present, but the 2nd can only produce its effect if the 1st is present |
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Term
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Definition
pattern due to the interaction of many gene pairs
ex. eye color, height, weight |
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Term
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Definition
| inheritence of blood type is this genetic pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA hybrid vigor, incorperating the best qualities from their parents |
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Term
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Definition
| Very Tall and fit and live in Africa |
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Term
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Definition
Primary Spermatocyte-92
Secondary Spermatocytes-46
Spermatids-23 |
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Term
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Definition
1) Primary oocyte-92
2) 1 secondary oocyte-46
1st polor body-46
3) 1 ovum-23
3 polor bodies-23 |
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