Term
| 3 components of axial skeleton |
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Definition
the skull
the vertebral column
the thoracic cage
-ribs
-sternum |
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Term
| 3 primary functions of axial skeleton |
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Definition
supports body
protects organs
attatches to skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid |
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Term
| the 4 primary facial bones: |
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Definition
maxilla
mandible
nasal
zygomatic |
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Term
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Definition
| seismoid "floating" bone on neck serving as attatchment site for skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
cervical: 7 in neck
thoracic: 12 in upper back
lumbar: 5 in lower back
sacral: tailbone area, fused |
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Term
| functions of vertebral column |
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Definition
protect spinal cord
supports head and body
attatchment site for skeletal muscles of back |
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Term
| function of vertebral body |
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Definition
| carries weight of axial skeleton |
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Term
| function of vertebral foramen |
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Definition
| surrounds and protects spinal cord |
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Term
| function of transerse and spinous process of vertebrae |
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Definition
| attatchment site for muscles and ligaments |
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Term
| characteristics of cervical vertebrae |
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Definition
-contain transverse foramen to protect blood flowing from thorax to brain
-small oval body
-triangular foramen |
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Term
| characteristics of thoracic vertebrae |
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Definition
-long, slender spinous process
-heartshaped body
-small, round vertebral foramen |
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Term
| characteristics of lumbar vertebrae |
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Definition
-short, thick, blunt spinous process
-largest vertebrae
-thick, large oval shaped body
-triangular foramen |
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Term
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Definition
-protects organs
-more curved in males than females |
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Term
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Definition
| attatched to ligaments and muscles of anus that control defacation |
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Term
|
Definition
jugular notch
manubrium
sternal angle
body
xiphoid process |
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Term
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Definition
#1-7 true, attatched to sternum
#8-12 false, attatch to vertebral column
#11-12 false floating, attatch only to vertebral column |
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Term
| functions of thoracic cage |
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Definition
protect heart and lungs
attatch to skeletal muscles |
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Term
| components of the appendicular skeleton |
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Definition
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
upper limbs
lower limbs |
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Term
| function of pectoral girdle |
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Definition
| connects upper limbs to axial skeleton at sternoclavicular joint |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| allows us to move an manipulate objects |
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Term
| the arm is also called the... |
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Definition
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Term
| the brachial consists of the |
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Definition
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Term
| the forearm is also called the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| components of the wrist and hand |
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Definition
8 carpal bones (wrist)
5 metacarpals
phalanges
-4 fingers
-1 pollex |
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Term
| 3 components of pelvic girdle |
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Definition
3 fused bones
-illium
-ischium
-pubis |
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Term
| function of pelvic girdle |
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Definition
| connects lower limbs to axial skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| functions of the lower limbs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the composition of ankle and foot |
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Definition
7 tarsal bones
5 metatarsal bones
phalanges
-4 toes
-the hallux |
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Term
| 4 major components of synovial joint |
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Definition
synovial membrane
articular cartilage
joint cavity
articular capsule |
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Term
| 4 accessory structures of synovial joints |
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Definition
cartilage
-meniscus
ligaments
-limit movement
tendons
-support the joint
bursae
-reduce friction |
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Term
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Definition
| a straight line about which the body rotates |
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Term
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Definition
| area in which the movement occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| perpendicular to the plane |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces angle between the 2 bones in an anterior posterior fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| increases the angle between 2 bones in anterior-posterior fashion |
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Term
| in anatomical position all joints down to the knee joint are |
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Definition
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Term
| in anatomical position all joints including knee and below are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extension at ankle with toes extending |
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Term
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Definition
| flexion at ankle with toes curled |
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Term
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Definition
| bends vertebral column side to side |
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Term
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Definition
| moves away from central axis |
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Term
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Definition
| moves toward central axis |
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Term
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Definition
| rotates toward central axis |
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Term
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Definition
| rotates away from central axis |
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Term
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Definition
| rotates forearm. radius over ulna |
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Term
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Definition
| forearm in anatomical position |
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Term
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Definition
| moves anteriorly (push forward) |
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Term
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Definition
| moves posteriorly (pulling back) |
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Term
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Definition
| moves in superior direction (up) |
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Term
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Definition
| moves in inferior direction (down) |
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Term
| two most common synovial joints: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| shoulder joint is a ____, ____ joint |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the least stable type of joint? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the elbow joint is a ___, ___ joint |
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Definition
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|
Term
| elbow consists of 2 joints: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pronation/supination of forearm |
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Term
| the hip joint is a ___, ___ joint |
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Definition
| triaxial, ball and socket |
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Term
| hip join is less ___ but more ___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the knee joint is a ___, ___ joint |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| knee joint is formed by the |
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Definition
| condyles of the femur and the tibia |
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Term
| anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments limit |
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Definition
| anterior and posterior movement |
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Term
| intervertebral discs are composed of |
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Definition
anulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposus |
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Term
| intervertebral discs are composed of |
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Definition
anulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposus |
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Term
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Definition
| attatches disc to vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbs shock in vertebrae |
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Term
| movements of the vertebral column |
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Definition
flexion
extension
lateral flexion
rotation |
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Term
|
Definition
connective
epithelial
muscle
nervous |
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Term
| connective tissue is composed of |
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Definition
| cells (minor) and extracellular matrix (major) that fill in the spaces between other cells and tissues |
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Term
| epithelial tissue is composed of |
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Definition
| tightly packed cells that line all body surfaces |
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Term
| muscle tissue is composed of |
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Definition
| cells that contract for movement |
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Term
| nervous tissue is composed of |
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Definition
| cells that send electrical signals for communication |
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Term
| cell type in connective tissue |
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Definition
fibroblast (major)
macrophages
mast cells
lymphocytes
eosinophilis |
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Term
| components of extracellular matrix |
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Definition
collagen fibers
elastic fibers
glycoproteins
ground substance |
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Term
| functions of connective tissue |
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Definition
support
fills spaces between adjacent tissues
transportation
storage of watera dn electrolytes |
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Term
| types of connective tissue |
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Definition
connective tissue proper
fluid connective tissue
supporting connective tissue |
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Term
| loose connective tissue proper |
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Definition
conatins small collagen fiber bundles
most vascular
most cellular |
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Term
| dense connective tissue proper |
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Definition
-irregularly arranged large collagen fiber bundles
-conatins fibroblasts
-lines bones and cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| still gel specialized for resilience |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-most common type
-contains collagen fibers
-reduces friction in joints
-found in articular surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
-only cartilage that contains elastic fibers
-tolerates bending and stretching without permanent distortion |
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Term
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Definition
-only that contains large collagen fibers
-very durable and tough
-resists compression, good for shock absorption and weight bearing surfaces
-found in intervertebral discs and menisci |
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Term
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Definition
-connective tissue that wraps cartilage and sets cartilage apart from surrounding tissues
-contains 2 layers |
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Term
| major cell types of cartilage tissue |
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Definition
chondrocytes
chondroblasts
chondroclasts |
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Term
|
Definition
-mature cartilage cells located within cartilage matrix
-secretenew cartilage from within the matrix |
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Term
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Definition
immature cartilage cells that mature into chondrocytes
-in inner layer of perichondrium |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytic cells that dissolve cartilage |
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Term
| characteristics of cartilage |
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Definition
-solid, stiff, flexible
-avascular
-grows from within adding layers to the outside |
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Term
| interstitial cartilage growth |
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Definition
| because cartilage is a gel it can expand from within by secretion of new matrix by chondrocytes |
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Term
| appositional cartilage growth |
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Definition
| cartilage layers are added to the periphery by chondroblasts located in perichondrium |
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Term
| characteristics of bone tissue |
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Definition
very hard and rigid due to calcium salts so nutrients cannot diffuse through matrix so it must travel through channels in bone
-very vascular and hollow
-appositional growth only |
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Term
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Definition
-compact bone
-cancellous or spongy bone |
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Term
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Definition
lines long bones and skull bones
-provides support for skeleton |
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Term
|
Definition
-in the marrow cavity of long bones and skull bones
-source of calcium
-source of red and white blood cells in adults |
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Term
| major cell types in bone tissue |
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Definition
-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
-immature bone cells
-secrete new bone layers around the periphery |
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Term
|
Definition
-mature bone cells
-live in lacunae between lamellae
-connected to adjacent to osteocytes via filipodia in canaliculi
-recieve nutrients from blood vessels
-maintain blood vessel levels |
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Term
|
Definition
-phagocytic cells in marrow cavity
-secretes acid and enzymes that dissolve bone |
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Term
| two ways of bone development |
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Definition
-intramembranous ossification
-endochondrial ossification |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
-bone development within a membrane
-ex: skull bones |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
bone development within a cartilage
ex: longbones |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification (skull bone) |
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Definition
-ossification within a membrane
stem cells within connective tissue differentiate into osteoblasts and secrete projections of bone matrix. blood vessles grow into the area to nourish the osteoblasts, then the bony projections grow together and trap blood vessles inside developing bone. bone marrow is remodeled into compact bone at the periphery and spongy bone in the marrow cavity. |
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Term
| endochondrial ossification (long bone development) |
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Definition
"bone replaces cartilage from within"
chondrocytes form a hyaline cartilage model, then matrix calcifies which keeps nutrients from reaching chondrocytes so they die causing blood vessles to grow around the edges of the cartilage model. osteoblasts secrete a collar of bone around dying cartilage which becomes compact bone of diaphysis. Blood vessels then enter diaphysis with chondroclasts to destroy cartilage and osteoblasts to secrete bone in place (primary ossification center). Osteoclasts destroy much of bone creating a marrow cavity. Next blood vessels, chondroclasts and osteoblasts enter epiphysis forming secondary ossification centers replacing cartilage with bone at both ends. ends at puberty. |
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Term
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Definition
| basic unit of mature compact bone in long bones |
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Term
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Definition
| central canal containing blood vessels surrounded by concentric lamellae of bone between which are osteocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| destroy old bone (continue to enlarge marrow cavitites) |
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Term
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Definition
| produce new bone (continue to secrete new compact bone around periphery) |
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Term
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Definition
| continual process of creating and destroying bone thoughout lifetime |
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Term
| what is the most abundant mineral in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they contract which shortens the muscle and changes distance between two bones |
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Term
| most anterior muscles are |
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Definition
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Term
| most posterior muscles are |
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Definition
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Term
| abduction and adduction depend on whether muscle is |
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Definition
| superior or inferior to joint |
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Term
| muscle groups of head and neck |
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Definition
-facial expression
-mastication
-eye
-tongue
-pharynx
-larynx
-move the head |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stabilizes hyoid bone and depresses mandible |
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Term
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Definition
| stabilized hyoid bone and elevate larynx and pharynx |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| posterior muscles of the neck are |
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Definition
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Term
| muscles of the vertebral column do what? |
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Definition
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Term
| external/internal intercostals |
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Definition
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|
Term
| internal/external obliques |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many layers of abdominal muscles are there? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary muscle of respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| muscle on anterior trunk that protracts the shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
| large diamond shaped muscle on back that works as a shoulder elevator |
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Term
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Definition
| shoulder depressor of posterior trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| shoulder muscle that lifts arm |
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Term
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Definition
| deep muscle of posterior trunk that lifts scapula |
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Term
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Definition
| deep muscle of posterior trunk that pulls scapula towards spine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| arm extensor on posterior trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| part of rotator cuff that mainly protects the shoulder joint |
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Term
| muscles of the rotator cuff |
|
Definition
involved in shoulder rotation and protects the joint
made up of:
Subscapularis
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Supraspinatus
SITS |
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Term
|
Definition
coracobrachialis
biceps brachii
-short head
-long head |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| arm and forearm extensors |
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Definition
triceps brachii
-long head
-short head |
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Term
| wrist flexors and pronators |
|
Definition
pronator teres
brachioradialis
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
(anterior forearm) |
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Term
|
Definition
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus |
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Term
| wrist and finger extensors |
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Definition
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor digitorum |
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Term
|
Definition
gluteus medius
tensor faciae latae
gluteus maximus
iliotibial tract
gluteus minimus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
adductor magnus
adductor brevis
adductor longus |
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Term
|
Definition
semitendinosus
biceps femoris
-long head
-short head
semimembranosus |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis |
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Term
|
Definition
tibialis anterior
extensor hallus longus
extensor digitorum longus |
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Term
| foot flexors (plantar flexors)of lateral leg |
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Definition
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis |
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Term
| foot flexors (plantar flexors) of posterior leg |
|
Definition
gastrocnemius
-lateral head
-medial head |
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Term
|
Definition
tendon of flexor hallucis longus
tendon of flexor digitorum longus |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscle tissue is specialized for |
|
Definition
| contraction and all body movement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dense irregular connective tissue
surrounds whole muscle
carries small blood vessels and nerves
separates it from other tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
dense irregular connective tissue
surrounds bundles of muscle fibers
carries large blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
|
Definition
loose connective tissue
surrounds each muscle fiber (cell)
carries small blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
| muscles are compartmentalized by what three layers of connective tissue? |
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Definition
epimysium (outside)
perimysium (around)
endomysium (inside) |
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Term
| what is formed at the end of a muscle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| tendons attatch to what part of the bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another term for the cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another term for cytoplasm |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| microanatomy of muscle fiber |
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Definition
thin/thick filaments (smallest)
myofiliments
myofibrils
muscle fiber
sarcoplasm
sarcolemma (largest) |
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Term
| skeletal muscle cell characteristics |
|
Definition
striated
mononucleated
cannot divide
have satellite cells that do divide |
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|
Term
| skeletal muscles are part of ___ nervous system |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| cardiac muscle characteristics |
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Definition
striated appearance
mononucleated
form physical connections |
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|
Term
| cardiac muscle is part of the ___ nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle cell characteristics |
|
Definition
nonstriated
mononucleated
can divide
do not have t tubules or sarcomeres
thick & thin filaments scattered throughout cell
contract more slowly
very resistant to fatigue |
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