Term
|
Definition
petrified remains of organisms (dinosaur, shell, pine cone)
- Record the passage of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the process where one species splits into 2 or more
(looks at both similarities and differences) |
|
|
Term
| The Biological Species Concept |
|
Definition
1. Groups of populations that can exchange gas
2. Produce fertile offspring
3. Reproductively isolated from other groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
biological barriers impede the members of 2 species from producing fertile offspring
- Limits the formation of hybrids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| offspring that result from an interspecific mating |
|
|
Term
| Organism Level (Reproductive isolation) |
|
Definition
Different adaptations - do not interbreed
Cannot diverge - do interbreed |
|
|
Term
| Genetic Level (Reproductive isolation) |
|
Definition
| Whatever prevents mixing of genes is the critical part of the new species formation |
|
|
Term
| The Biological Species Concept (limitations) |
|
Definition
Prokaryotes, asexual and absence of gene flow
Overemphasizes gene flow and underemphasizes natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pre-mating, prevents crosses from occuring
- Habitat isolation, temporal, behavioral, mechanical and gametic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prezygotic, different habitats in the same area
Ex) Water vs. Land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prezygotic, breed at different times of day or year
Ex) Night vs. Day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prezygotic, courtship rituals and mate recognition
Ex) Cheetah vs. lion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prezygotic, morphological differences preventing mating (genitals don't line up)
Ex) snails with shells that spiral opposite ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prezygotic, sperm not able to recognize egg or survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
after the zygotes, reduce or eliminate success of crossing
- Usually involve genetics / development |
|
|
Term
| Geographic classification of speciation modes |
|
Definition
| Allopatric, Sympatric, Parapatric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Geographic"
Gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
- Very little gene flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (no geographic isolation, prezygotic with microspatial separation)
Ex) apple maggot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contiguous specific extrinsic barrier (Polyploidy)
Post-zygotic with no spatial barrier
Ex) wild sunflower
Autopolyploidy and Allopolyploidy |
|
|
Term
| Autopolyploidy (Parapatric) |
|
Definition
| Spontaneous polyploidy in a single individual |
|
|
Term
| Allopolyploidy (Parapatric) |
|
Definition
| induced polyploidy via hybridization and meiotic disfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wheat, cotton, peanut, potato, oat, soybean, tobacco, strawberry, banana, coffee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
20 generation (fruit flies) - Lab
Cichlid fishes in African rift lakes |
|
|
Term
| Why/how such rapid and abundant speciation in African cichlids occurs? |
|
Definition
| Tropic specialization (oral and pharyngeal jaws) and Sexual selection (maternal mouth brooding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 Major mass extinctions were distinguished by: |
|
Definition
| Magnitude (GREAT) Duration (Brief) Influence (Global) |
|
|
Term
| History of Life (Time periods) |
|
Definition
1. Late Ordovician
2. Late Devonian
3. Late Permian
4. Late Triassic
5. Late Cretaceous |
|
|
Term
| Late Permian mass extinction (species wise) |
|
Definition
Most severe (over 50% of families extinct, over 80% of species)
- Marine invertebrates
Ex. Trilobites
-Terrestrial vertebrates
Therapsids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mammal-like reptiles, ancestors to mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pangaea: one big supercontinent, diversity reduced - lack of endemism |
|
|
Term
| Late Permian mass extinction (causes) |
|
Definition
1. Massive release of H2S (ozone depletion)
2. Massive Release of methane hydrate (global warming)
3. volcanism (darkness, warming, acid rain)
4. ALL the above |
|
|
Term
| Late Cretaceous mass extinction |
|
Definition
Over 75% species gone in both terrestrial and marine environments
- Dinosaurs
-Marine reptiles
-Rudist |
|
|
Term
| Late Cretaceous mass extinction (causes) |
|
Definition
| hypotheses - disease, evolution of new types of plants, got "too big", changing sex ratios, thin eggshells, magnetic reversals, global cooling, volcanism, competition from mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| K/T boundary, iridium concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. high concentration of iridium in boundary
2. Ir anomaly sites found all over the world
3. Evidence for meteorite impact at K/T boundary is good
4. Craters are everywhere
- Chicxulub Crater: The "Smoking Gun" |
|
|
Term
| Impact and Aftermath (meteorite) |
|
Definition
1. Debris cloud -> no sunlight ->no PS->
2. Breakdown food chains ->widespread extinction
3. (other contributing factors: fires, acid rain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a vestigial structure (tail) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary "throwback," only occur occasionally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. structural genes that build proteins
2. regulators, act as switches that turn things on and off, up or down, may be proteins, or RNA only |
|
|
Term
| macroevolutionary "trend" |
|
Definition
error in a regulatory gene
Ex) horses today have extra toes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
development of body parts in the wrong place
(fruit flies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shape the development of body regions at different positions along the body axis
- 60- polypeptide chain homeobox domain |
|
|
Term
| "double thorax" condition |
|
Definition
| bithorax misexpression: loss of Ubx functional protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antennapedia misexpression (gain of Antp function) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single image - forming globe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple image-forming facets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue specific transcription factors containing a partial or complete homeodomain (pax-6 eye development) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shared Genetic Basis of Development (importance) |
|
Definition
1. suggests early common set of developmental regulator genes were retained in later forms
2. origin of new body plans was not accomplished by starting from scratch, modifications of pre-existing, facilitating macroevolution
3. genetic control of body segments suggests different body parts share some features of classical homology
4. facilitates the study of genes responsible for human disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Many phyla of living animals appeared, soft-bodied/slow-moving to hard-body/fast-moving
*genetic took kit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and the interactions between organisms and their environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of individuals in the same species that live in the same area |
|
|
Term
| individuals in a population... |
|
Definition
| rely on similar resources, are influenced by similar environmental factors, are likely to interact and interbreed with each other (intraspecific interactions) |
|
|
Term
| population characteristics |
|
Definition
| Density, Dispersion, Population structure and Population growth rates |
|
|
Term
| Density (population characteristic) |
|
Definition
Limited by: resources and limiting agents
( food, nest space.. ) (disease, pararsites, predators) |
|
|
Term
| Dispersion (population characteristic) |
|
Definition
Clumped: uneven distribution of resources and mating/social attraction
Uniform: aggressive interactions, severe competition for resources
Random: no organized pattern |
|
|
Term
| Ways to summarize population deaths |
|
Definition
survivorship curve, a life table
(cohort) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead |
|
|
Term
| Ways to summarize population births |
|
Definition
reproductive curve, reproductive table
(fecundity, fertility, reproductive output) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total potential for reproduction ( as determined by gamete production, fertilization, successful development) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the actual # of offspring born |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (proportion breeding females per age class) x (# fertile offspring/litter) |
|
|
Term
| Life history traits (3 variables) |
|
Definition
1. When to reproduce
Age of first reproduction
2. How many offspring are produced during each round
clutch size
3. How often the organism reproduces
semelparous versus iteroparous |
|
|
Term
| iteroparous tropical plants with high survival rate |
|
Definition
| wild durian tree and fruit, papaya and oil palm |
|
|
Term
| semelparous fish with low survival rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adaptations constrained by limits to:
(Trade-offs) |
|
Definition
1. duration and intensity of selection
2. genetic variation available on which selection can act
3. resources needed to reproduce versus to survive
a. time
b. energy
c. nutrition |
|
|
Term
| Iteroparous: Type III Survivorship |
|
Definition
Lifespan up to 150 years
Atlantic Herring
- many offspring, very small, fast growing, youth reproduction age
( Trawling - capture method) |
|
|
Term
| Iteroparous: type II survivorship |
|
Definition
lifespan 20 - 30
Sharks
- few offspring, large, slow growth, moderate reproduction age
(long lining, hunting - capture method) |
|
|
Term
| Iteroparous: type I survivorship |
|
Definition
lifespan up to 150 years
Orange Roughy
- moderate number of offspring, moderate size, very slow growth, old reproduction
(deep sea dredging - capture method) |
|
|
Term
| semelparous: type I survivorship |
|
Definition
lifespan up to 130 years
Bamboo
- many offspring, very small, slow growing, old reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| living close enough together for potential interaction |
|
|
Term
| interspecific interactions |
|
Definition
| demand of 2+ species for a vital resource |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reciprocal evolutionary change between species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Predation, competition, nutrient, symbiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(-/-) "limiting" resources
- restricts population growth
- no enough to go around
Ex) hyenas and vultures compete for carcasses |
|
|
Term
| Competitive Exclusion "Principle" |
|
Definition
two species that share the same resource cannot co-exist indefinitely
(both logistic growth if live separate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how an organism makes a living
(requirements that determine ecological habits of a species -sex, age, class, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| When 2 niches overlap --> |
|
Definition
| interspecific competition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the resources species can possibly use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the (subset) of resources it actually uses
(smaller than fundamental niche) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| avoiding competition - use different resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| avoiding competition - greater differences in traits |
|
|
Term
| possible outcomes of competition |
|
Definition
1. localized extinction
2. coexistence
(resource partitioning, character displacement) |
|
|
Term
| Predator strategies/adaptation |
|
Definition
Carnivores: pursuit, ambush, attraction
Herbivore: consume, cultivate, crop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intimate ecological contact
- mutualism (+/+)
-commensalism (+/0)
-parasitism (+/-) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most abundant or highest biomass (beachtrees)
1. most competitive in exploiting limiting resources
2. most successful at avoiding predation or disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its abundance
(often identified by removal experiments) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foundation species - cause a physical change in environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(+/-) Herbivory, carnivory, parasitism
- food webs
- the american chestnut
- cod |
|
|
