Term
| (05-04) Which stomach cells make HCl? |
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Definition
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Term
| (05-04) What is the chemical formula for gastric HCl secretion? Where does what move? |
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Definition
| CO2 + H2O > H2CO3 > HCO3- + H+. This is done by a proton pump that pumps H+ into the lumen of the stomach. |
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Term
| (05-04) What is the approximate pH of the stomach? Why is this remarkable? |
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Definition
| pH ~ 2. It is the only highly acidic environment in the GIT |
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Term
| (05-04) If the mucosal lining breaks down, what do you get? |
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Definition
| A peptic ulcer – a hole in the submucosal layer |
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Term
| (05-04) What are the main historical theories on the causes of peptic ulcers? |
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Definition
| NSAIDs, stress, heliobacter pylori |
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Term
| (05-04) What is the main site of digestion and absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| (05-04) What are the two main functions of the small intestine? |
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Definition
| Absorption and delivery to the large intestine |
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Term
| (05-04) What are the three parts of the small intestine? |
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Definition
| Duodenum, jejunum, illeum |
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Term
| (05-04) What enzymes are important to the small intestine? |
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Definition
| Pancreatic juices (pancreatic ecretions of digestive enzymes and HCO3-) and bile (bile salts from the liver and bicarbonate) |
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Term
| (05-04) What type of digestion does the small intestine help with? |
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Definition
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Term
| (05-04) The small intestine has a ____ surface area. |
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Definition
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Term
| (05-04) What are the three main functions of the large intestine? |
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Definition
| Absorption of water, ions, vitamins from bacteria; feces formation; fermentation of fiber. |
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Term
| (05-04) What are the parts that make up the large intestine? |
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Definition
| Appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon |
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Term
| (05-04) What are the two main diseases of the large intestine? |
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Definition
| Crohne’s disease and ulcerative colitis |
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Term
| (05-04) Where do materias absorbed in GIT go and by what route? |
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Definition
| Materials absorbed in the GIT move to the liver via the hepatic portal vein |
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Term
| (05-04) What is the hepatic portal vein? |
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Definition
| How materials enter the liver |
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Term
| (05-04) What is the hepatic vien? |
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Definition
| How materials exit the liver into circulation |
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Term
| (05-04) What are the benefits of first pass metabolism? |
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Definition
| All materials absorbed in GIT go to the liver first, where toxins can be found. It’s better to present toxins to a liver than to the brain or heart; liver helps to change drugs from inactive to its active form. Levadopa dopamine, codeine morphine |
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Term
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Definition
| Blind-ended cluster of specialized epithelial cells |
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Term
| (05-04) Where do you find acinus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that inact digestive enzymes |
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Term
| (05-04) What are the three most important human salivary glands? |
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Definition
| Parotid, sublingual, submandibular |
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Term
| (05-04) What are the two parts of the pancrease? |
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Definition
| Endocrine (make insulin and glucagon) and exocrine (amylase, protease, nuclease, bicarbonate, lipase – digestive enzymes) |
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Term
| (05-04) What are the two main secretiona of salivary glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| (05-04) Where does the pancreatic duct empty? |
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Definition
| Into the duodenum of the small intestine |
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Term
| (05-04) Define ampula of Vater. |
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Definition
| Junction of common bile duct and pancreatic duct where secretions from liver and pancrease mix |
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Term
| (05-04) Define sphincter of Oddi. |
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Definition
| Regulates emptying of liver and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum |
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Term
| (05-04) What organs make up the biliary system? |
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Definition
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Term
| (05-04) Liver vs. Gallbladder: Which makes bile? Which stores bile? |
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Definition
| Liver makes bile, gallbladder stores bile. |
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Term
| (05-04) What are some things the liver does? |
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Definition
| Produces bicarbonate, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, synthesis of albumin, synthesis of coagulation factors, synthesis of hormones… SO MUCH!! |
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Term
| (05-04) What does the gall bladder do? |
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Definition
| Stores liver products and helps regulate their secretion into duodenum. |
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Term
| (05-04) You eat a tub of lard. What does your body do? |
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Definition
| Produce lipases and bile salts. |
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Term
| (05-04) What is the issue with those who have gall bladder removal? |
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Definition
| They can’t store fats, so they are less efficient in digestion of fats. |
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Term
| (05-04) What are the end products of successful carbohydrate digestion? |
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Definition
| Glucose, galactose, fructose. |
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Term
| (05-04) If you add starches to your system, what changes them to what? |
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Definition
| Amylases convert the starch to dextrins and maltose. |
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Term
| (05-04) What converts dextrins to what? |
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Definition
| Brush border enzymes convert dextrins to glucose, galactose, fructose. |
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Term
| (05-04) Where does polysaccharide digestion start? |
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Definition
| In the mouth; salivary amylases begin breaking large poly-molecules into smaller sugars. |
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Term
| (05-04) Why can’t salivary amylases just finish off carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| As soon as you swallow – and chyme enters the stomach – salivary amylase is inactivated by the stomach’s low pH |
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Term
| (05-04) What are the endpoints of amylase digestion? |
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Definition
| Maltose and limit dextrins |
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Term
| (05-04) What do carbohydrates do in the duodenum? |
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Definition
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Term
| (05-04) How do you convert maltose/dextrins to what? |
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Definition
| Brush border enzmes convert maltose/dextrins to glucose, fructose, galactose |
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Term
| (05-04) What are the four main brush border enzymes? |
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Definition
| Isomaltase (dextrins digestion), sucrse (sucrose), lactase (lactose) and maltase (maltose) |
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