Term
|
Definition
Crosses tips of 9th costal cartilages
anteriorly and lower 1st lumbar
vertebra posteriorly.
**Organs found in this level:
Pylorus, superior part of duodenum,
duodenojejunal flexture, fundus of
Gallbladder. |
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Term
|
Definition
Superficial abdominal muscles:
Lateral group:
External and internal abdominal oblique
muscles and the Transverse abdominis M.
Medial group:
Rectus abdominis and Pyramidalis
**all innervated by 6 lower intercostal nerves and L1).
Function: compress abdominal viscera,
Flex and rotate the trunk (lumbar vertebrae).
Are expiratory muscles |
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Term
| Superficial abdominal muscles |
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Definition
External abdominal oblique muscle
The aponeurosis of the right and left
muscles are interwoven and form a fibrous,
raphe called: *linea alba (10).
*The lowest portion of this aponeurosis is
continuous with the inguinal ligament. |
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Term
| Internal abdominal oblique muscle |
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Definition
**Caudal part: is continued in male into the Spermatic
cord as the *Cremaster muscle (7).
(In female, thin fibers reach the round ligament)
The caudal part is also partly inserted to the pecten
pubis via conjoint tendon.
*Innervation of Cremaster muscle:
by genital branch of the Genitofemoral nerve.
**Cremasteric reflex:
Afferent limb: femoral branch of genitofemoral
nerve and or ilioinguinal N.
Efferent limb: genital branch of genitofemoral nerve. |
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Term
|
Definition
is the aponeurosis of the lateral group of abdominal muscles surrounding the rectus
abdominis. It is composed of the aponeurosis of external oblique M externally, and
the aponeurosis of internal oblique in the middle which divides into 2 layers
and encircles the rectus abdominis; next lies aponeurosis of transverse
abdominal muscle and beneath that is the transversalis fascia.
(It may be considered a deep fascia, however, there
is no deep fascia in the abdominal wall). |
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Term
| Contents of Rectus sheath |
|
Definition
*Rectus abdominis M.
*Inferior and also the superior
epigastric vessels
*intercostal nerves (5 lower ones)
including the subcostal nerve. |
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Term
|
Definition
*Linea alba is relatively avascular which leads to
delayed healing and probable scar formation
after a surgical cut.
Herniation may occur during pressure and strain
e.g: in coughing (bronchitis) or micturation in BPH. |
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Term
|
Definition
The inguinal canal is produced by opposition
of the lateral abdominal wall muscles and it
extends obliquely through the abdominal wall.
**Deep inguinal ring is the internal opening and
is a gap in the fascia transversalis;
**Superficial inguinal ring is a gap in aponeurosis
of the external abdominal oblique muscle.
*Conjoint tendon : is fusion of the aponeurosis
of the transverse abdominis and int. abd. oblique.
*Content of the Inguinal canal:
Male: spermatic cord
Female: round ligament of the uterus
and lymphatics. |
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Term
|
Definition
1- medial to epigastric vessels
2- don’t pass through the inguinal
canal (parallels spermatic cord)
3- low risk of strangulation/ infarct
4- are almost always acquired
5- Middle age man (over 40 y), old
6- smaller in size |
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Term
|
Definition
1- lateral to epigastric vessels
2- passes through the inguinal
canal (inside spermatic cord)
3- high risk of strangulation/ infarct
4- congenital and acquired
5- in younger people
6- bigger in size |
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Term
|
Definition
Acute polyneuropathy (idiopathic
or infectious), involving nerve
and the neuromuscular junction.
Segmental demyelination,
Muscle weakness and
paresthesias from legs
to the arms,
*Respiratory paralysis |
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Term
|
Definition
Is a serous membrane lining the
abdominal and pelvic cavities.
*Is derived from mesoderm
**many organs invaginate it and are thus
covered by peritoneum: Intraperitoneal
organs e.g.: stomach , spleen...
*Retroperitoneal organs are behind
the peritoneum.
The main part of the peritoneal cavity
is called: the greater sac |
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Term
|
Definition
(lesser sac): is a
diverticulum of the peritoneal cavity to the
left side and posterior to the stomach. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
double layer of the peritoneum containing
the vessels, nerves and fat and connects
intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.
Mesenteric border: fixed, more vascular
Antimesenteric border: free border, less
vascular (surgery is done on this side)
Innervation: parietal layer by somatic nerves
and the visceral layer by autonomic nerves. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
omental (epiploic) foramen
Anterior: porta hepatis (portal triad): hepatic artery, common bile duct, portal vein
Posteriorly: IVC and right crus of diaphragm.
Superiorly: caudate lobe of the liver
Inferiorly: first part of duodenum |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Between liver and the right kidney. It is the
lowest part of the abdominal cavity when lying
flat (supine position). 2nd part of duodenum lies
posterior to it.
Site of fluid accumulation e.g.: after surgery,
not moving properly, respiratory problem,
diaphragm irritation… |
|
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Term
|
Definition
pouch in females is a deep part
of the pelvic cavity. Fluid accumulation e.g.: in PID.
Vesicouterine pouch (female) and Rectovesical pouch in male |
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Term
|
Definition
Is the inflammation (accompanied by pain) of the peritoneum following an
abdominal injury e.g.: from a stab wound or a perforated appendicitis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The peritoneum exudates fluid and cells in response to injury or infection
(commonly seen in liver cirrhosis) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Is puncturing the peritoneal cavity for aspiration of the fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
: Esophagus and stomach down
to the 2nd part of the duodenum.
Liver, biliary system, gall bladder and
Pancreas are also foregut derivatives. |
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Term
|
Definition
: starts from lower half of the
2nd part of the duodenum and jejunum,
ileum, colon (cecum, ascending and
the right 2/3 of the transverse colon). |
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Term
|
Definition
left 1/3 of the transverse
colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon,
rectum and upper part of anal canal. |
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Term
| Different parts of the primitive gut have distinct blood and nerve supply |
|
Definition
Foregut supplied mainly by Celiac trunk. Midgut is by Superior mesenteric artery.
Hind gut by inferior mesenteric artery. Innervation by parasympathetic (vagus)
nerve up to the 2/3 right of the transverse colon; from 1/3 left of transverse
colon down to the anal canal, innervated by pelvic splanchnic nerves
“parasympathetic”, S2, S3, S4). Sympathetic innervation from
lower esophagus to anus is by (T5-L2) spinal segments. |
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Term
|
Definition
*Starts at the level of C6 vertebra (cricoid cartilage)
*Ends below the diaphragm (T10-T12)
*It lies on the vertebral column
*It is accompanied by 2 vagus nerves (trunks)
and they enter the abdominal cavity through
the esophageal hiatus (T10) of the diaphragm.
*It has 3 narrowings:
1- upper sphincter
2- Aortic narrowing (crossed by aortic arch)
3- Diaphragmatic narrowing (in the E. hiatus)
*Cardia: where esophagus enters the stomach
*Function:
conveying the bolus of food to the stomach
Innervation: sympathetic:
and parasympathetic (vagus): |
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Term
| Venous drainage of esophagus |
|
Definition
Inferior thyroid vein, azygos, hemiazaygos, and
gastric veins.
***Gastric veins drain into the portal vein,
therefore, this is a link between portal and the
systemic circulation (Porto-Caval anastomosis). |
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Term
|
Definition
Histology: Mucosa (3):
stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium
(in Cardia, it is columnar, like rest of the GI tract).
4- Muscularis mucosa
5- submucosa
6- tunica muscularis consist of inner circular
and outer longitudinal muscular layers.
7- adventitia |
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Term
|
Definition
true (all 3 layers protruding)
false (only the muscle protrudes). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
upper esophagus, dysphagia,
Halitosis (bad breath).
Complications: ulceration, bleeding, and inflammation.
Therapy: surgery. |
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Term
|
Definition
cardiospasm): retrosternal pain, neuromotor
disorder of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES),
decreased cells in the myentric plexus (analogous to
Hirschsprung’s disease), dysphagia for solid and liquid,
dilated proximal esophagus and aperistalsis, increased
LES pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
columnar cell metaplasia of the
Squamous epithelium due to acid injury. |
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Term
|
Definition
Parts of stomach:
Cardia (1)
Fundus (3)
Body (5)
Pyloric part (6)
8- Lesser curvature of the stomach
9- Angular notch
10- Greater curvature of the stomach
4- Cardiac notch. |
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Term
| Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |
|
Definition
gastrin secretion by
non-beta cells of the pancreas (multiple ulcers in stomach) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| by duodenum inhibits HCl secretion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
is produced by G cells mainly in pyloric antrum
stimulate acid secretion and growth of parietal cells. |
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Term
| Glands in the body and the fundus |
|
Definition
are elongated
and contain 3 types of cells: Mucoid cells (6),
Chief cells (7) in body/fundus, produce pepsinogen and
Parietal cells (8) in body/fundus, produce HCl and the
intrinsic factor for VitB12 absorption in the ileum. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
is a protein-splitting enzyme activated
by HCl of the stomach into pepsin to break the food. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
of mucous membrane (1.2% of all)
mainly in antrum, produce: histamine, somatostatin,
gastrin, serotonin. |
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Term
| Secretion of gastric juice: 2 phases |
|
Definition
Nervous secretion: by vagus nerve, activated by
taste, smell and sight (even if stomach is empty).
Gastric (digestive) phase secretion:
stimulated by food ingestion. |
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