Levels of Structural

Orginization in the human body

1) Cellular

2) Tissue

3) Organ

4) Organ System

5) Organism

List the 12 organ systems

of the body

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary Reproductive

MURDERS LINC

Control Center

Sensor

Effector

Effector counteracts the change

example: Thermostate

Effector responds to intensify orginal change

example: birth

Atom

Proton

Neutron

Electron

2 or more atoms

example:  0_2, H₂O

Oxygen 65%

Carbon 18.5%

Hydrogen 9.5%

Nitrogen 3%

HONC

Attractive Force between atoms that have lost/gained electrons

+ vs -

Attractive force between atoms that share electrons

-Strong, most common in biological molecules

Attractive force between polar molecules

example  H₂O

water loving

polar/ion

water fearing

non-polar

Molecule broken into smaller units

example

C₆H₁₂O_{6 --->}6H₂O + 6CO₂

Synthesis

Reaction liberates energy

produces energy

Reaction requires energy

Gases 

Water-solvent, heat capacity

Salts-electrolytes

1) Carbohydrates

2) Lipids

3) Proteins

4) Nucleic Acids

5) High Energy Compounds

Monosacharides - glucose

Disaccharides - lactose

Polysacharides- glycogen

Water insoluble

Function:

energy storage - fats

structure - phospholipids

hormones - steroids

composed of amino acids

Function:

support (collagen), movement (actin), transport (hemoglobin), catalysts (enzymes), defense (steroids)

composed of nucleotides

Function

Store information (DNA/RNA)

ATP

provided short term energy

City Limits

1) Isolates inside and outside of cell

2) Regulates exchange of materials

3) Responds to extra-cellular signals

4) Provides structural support (anchor proteins)

Watery medium outside cell

• Interstitial Fluids (80% of ECF); blood (20% of ECF)

A) Phospholipids:

B) Proteins:

C) Cholesterol

• Arranged as bilayer:

• Phosphate head (hydrophilic)

• Fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)

Identifier Proteins:

Regulate fluidity / permeability of membrane

↑ cholesterol = ↓ fluidity / permeability

Diffusion

Filtration

Carrier-mediated Transport

Vesicular Transport

Movement from high [solute] to low [solute] (requires no energy

Osmosis: Movement of water from [high] to [low] across

a semi-permeable membrane

Substances “pushed” through membrane via hydrostatic

pressure (e.g. kidney)

Facilitated Diffusion: Passive transportation via proteins

• Molecules too large for simple diffusion (e.g. glucose)

Transportation via proteins (requires energy)

Membrane Transport (Table 3.3):

• Movement of solutes against conc. gradient (e.g. ions)

water soluable molecules

large molecules that cannot diffuse through lipds

Parts of the Cell

Function of:

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A) Rough ER: Major site of protein synthesis (contain ribosomes)

B) Smooth ER: Major site of lipid synthesis (e.g. cholesterol

a) Sorts proteins & lipids received from ER

Membrane System of Eukaryotic Cells:

b) Modifies proteins (e.g., adds sugar units)

c) Packages material into vesicles for transport

Vesicles filled with digestive enzymes that

function to break down food / cellular debris

Connective Tissue Proper

Supporting Connective Tissue

Fluid Connective Tissue:

_{Cuts Sting Forever}

1) Protection

2) Thermoregulation

3) Sensation

4) Excretion & Secretion

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous

Layers of the Epidermis

Basal, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum

Bobs Skin Grew Large Calisus

Stratum Basale

3 to 5 layers

keratinization occuring

2 layers

Papillary

Reticular

loose connective tissue

dermal papillae

(which are the basis of the ridges in fingerprints)

contain capillaries, nerve endings

Makes up the majority of the dermis

Dense irregular connective tissue

blood vessels, hair follicles, lymphatic, nerves, sebaceous glands, sweat glands.

Keratinized Cells

Made up of a shaft and root

oil glands

secrete sebum into hair follicle

Eccrine

found in palms, feet and forehead

Apocrine

armpits and genitals

Mammary

specialized sweat glands

How do each of the following glands work

Merocrine

Apocrine

Holocrine

Merocrine = via exocytosis

Apocrine = via shedding cytoplasm

Holocrine = via destruction of cell