Henry Bessemer

Transportation

Agriculture

Eli Whitney

Machine to separate fibers from seeds

·       1793

Agriculture

Robert Fulton

Transportation   

Cyrus McCormick

1831

Agriculture

Eli Whitney

Process to produce  parts that meet specifications so it can be used in any machine

·      1798

·      Agriculture, Transportation, communication, household

John Deere

Cast-steel plow

·      1837

Agriculture

James Watt

Steam Engine

·      Engine to pump water

·      1769

Transportation

John Fitch

First successful trial of steam boat

·      1787

Transportation

Samuel Morse

Communication

James Hargreaves

Household

Peter Cooper

First American built steam locomotive

·      1830

Transportation

Richard Trevithick

Engine that used high pressure steam

·      1764

Transportation

Samuel Slater

Household

National Road

First highway built by federal government

·       1839 (completed

Transportation

Erie Canal

Transportation

Railroads

Improved movement of goods and services

·       1764 (First US)

Transportation

Elias Howe

Household

Constitutional  Era – 1787 – Creation of the U.S. Government

·         This era evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and understands the need for a new government.

·         Issues and compromises that were addressed at the Constitutional Convention.

·         Establishment of the U.S. Constitution through compromises and influences from past documents (Magna Carta, Mayflower Compact, Declaration of Independence, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the English Bill of Rights)

·         Federalists and Anti-Federalists

·         Individual rights are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and how these amendments pleased the Anti-Federalists

Significance of 1787

Writing of the United States Constitution

Identify the major events of the Constitutional Time Period

·       Philadelphia Convention 1787

·       Great Compromise

·       3/5s Compromise

·       Federalist and Anti-Federalist points of view

·       Federalist Papers

Bill of Rights

Articles of Confederation : Issues Surrounding Important Events of the American Revolution

*Written during the American Revolution

*Occurred at the Second Continental Congress (1776)

*Created a new form of government for the independent colonies

   *one branch, a Congress, including one representative from each of the former colonies

*Articles created a “firm league of friendship” where “each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence

Issues of the Constitututional Convention – Representation

Representation

1.      Virginia Plan: large state plan that proposed representation on population size

2.      New Jersey Plan: small state plan that proposed equal representation among all states

Compromise

Great Compromise: Constitution resulted in a two-house legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate maintaining equal representation from all states

Issues of the Constitutional Convention – Slavery

ssue

How slaves should be counted regarding population and taxation.

Compromise

Three-Fifths Compromise: three-fifths of the slave population would be counted when setting direct taxes on the states and three-fifths ratio would also be used to determine representation in the legislature

o   Federalists – argued for a stronger national government because under the Articles of Confederation, the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

o   Anti-Federalists – argued that states’ rights should remain powerful over key issues; remained the opinion that we fought the Revolution to get away from strong central government; desired to protect individual liberties

Compromise: the U.S. Constitution is ratified and the Bill of Rights is added

English Bill of Rights

·       1689

·       Limited the power of the King

·       Listed individual rights of the people that could not be taken away by the King

This document influenced the United States’ Constitution Bill of Rights

·        1215; Runnymede, England

·        Limited the power of the King of England

·        This document influenced the United States’ Constitution

·        The Constitution limits the power of the central government

·        Trial by jury

An innocent man cannot be put into jail without a trial

Mayflower Compact

·       1620

·       Written by the Pilgrims

·       An agreement that established majority rule and self-government

·       The Pilgrims pledged to remain loyal to Great Britain

Federalist Papers

A series of essays written in support of the United States Constitution.

·        Focused on the need for a strong central governement with restricted (limited) powers.

·        Supported separation of powers amd checks and balances.

Written by: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

Strengths of the Articles of

1.     States’ rights (a result of a strong fear of a tyrannical leader)

2.    Confederation of states with equal voice in Congress

Congress had power to make war and peace, sign treaties, raise an army and navy, print money, and set up a postal system

A series of essays written against the United States Constitution.

·        Feared a strong central government

·        Felt the Constitution lacked protection for individual rights

Written by: Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry

Weaknesses of the Articles of

1.      No national taxes – no way to raise national money to pay an army, navy, or other national interests; had to ask the states for money which was often ignored

2.      No federal court system – no way to settle disputes between the states

3.      Lack of a strong federal government – reduced ability to settle disputes over state boundaries

4.      No power to regulate commerce – arguments about taxes on goods that crossed state borders

5.      No federal leader – no Executive to lead the country

Limited military = no protection

Confederation

Shay’s Rebellion

An armed rebellion of farmers in Massachuestts led by Daniel Shays.

Showed that the government could not keep order and a stronger form of national government was needed.

Confederation

Colonial Grievances Addressed in the U.S. Constitution

Federalists

Supporters of the United States Constitution.

Argued for a stronger national government.

Under the Articles of Confederation the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

James Madison

Known as “the Father of the Constitution”

Helped write the Federalist Papers with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton

Authored the first 10 Amendments (the Bill of Rights) to compromise the Anti-Federalists

Wanted to go beyond the stated powers of the Constitution.

Used the “necessary and proper” clause to justify forming a National Bank that was necessary and proper for the United States economy to develop.

Served as a delegate from New York at the Constitutional Convention.

Leading member of the Federalists.

Anti-Federalists

Against the Constitution

Argued that states’ rights should remain powerful over key issues

Kept the opinion that we fought the Revolution to get away from strong central government

Believed that the Constitution should protect individual rights

Patrick Henry

Was so opposed to the idea of a stronger national government that he refused to attend the Philadelphia Convention because he “smelled a rat”

From Virginia

Had been an influential leader against England with his “Give me liberty, or give me death!” speech.

Rights Guaranteed in the Bill of Rights

1^st – Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, and Petition to the Government

2^nd – Bear Arms

3^rd – No quartering troops during times of peace

4^th – search and seizure

5^th – due process of law; not to be tried twice for the same crime (double jeopardy); right not to testify against yourself

6^th – right to a speedy and public trial

7^th – right to a trial by jury in civil trials

8^th – right not to have excessive bail and/or punishment

9^th – rights of the people

10^th – rights left to the states to decide

George Mason

Leader of the Anti-Federalists. Believed in the need to restrict governmental power and supported protection of individual rights.

Served as a delegate from Virginia at the Constitutional Convention.

Made over 130 speeches against the Constitution.

Importance of Free Speech

Freedom of speech and press allow for the protection of individual rights; freedom to express information, ideas, and opinions free of government restrictions based on content

Republicanism

Representatives are elected by the people to serve the people

Impact of the First Amendment Guaranteeing Freedom of Religious Freedom on the American Way of Life

·      Americans have the right to worship however they choose

·      The government does not have the right to interfere with religious beliefs

Sets up for official separation of church and state

Development of Religious Freedom in the United States

*1620-1691 -Plymouth Colony – self-governing, with each congregation independent and electing its own pastor and officers

*17^th century-Mass. Bay Colony – democratic in that they elected ministers and other officials; church closely tied to state government

*1631-Roger Williams founded Rhode Island; 1636 church and state separated

*1681-1776 – Penn’s Frames of Government guaranteed religious freedom to all settlers in Pennsylvania

*1689 – Toleration Acts; Maryland is founded for Catholics

*1791 – Bill of Rights guaranteed freedom of religion from government interference

How the U.S. Constitution Reflects Principles of Government

Judges are appointed for life making them independent of executive control.

Article II of the Constitution

System that does not allow anyone branch of the government to have too much power.

Example: the President can veto legislation passed by Congress; Congress can override the veto. The Senate confirms major appointments made by the President, and the courts may declare acts passed by Congress unconstitutional

How the U.S. Constitution Reflects Principles of Government

The Constitution creates a limited government in which everyone, including all authority figures must obey the laws.

Constitutions, statements of rights, or other laws define the limits of those in power so that they cannot take advantage of their elected, appointed, or inherited positions

Federalism

Sharing of power between the federal government and the state governments.

Process of Changing the U.S. Constitution

The Constitution can be changed or amended when it is deemed necessary by the people to bring the document up to date.

Congress or state conventions can propose an amendment.

It then goes to the states to be approved.

An amendment must have a 2/3 vote of Congress or state conventions and a ¾ vote of the states to be approved.

Popular Sovereignty

All political power rests with the people.

The people can create, alter, and abolish government.

People express themselves through voting and free participation in government.

Examples of Unalienable Rights

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

Freedom to associate

Freedom of assembly

Right to property

Founding Fathers

Name given to the individuals who played a major role in declaring independence, fighting the Revolutionary War, or writing and adopting the Constitution of the United States

Thomas Jefferson : George Washington

Alexander Hamilton : John Adams

Benjamin Franklin : James Madison

Civic Virtue

Involvement in a community

Those with civic virtue go a step beyond their obligations by taking an active role in improving the community in the experiences of other members of the community.

1607

Year in which representatives of the Virginia Company of London established the first permanent English settlement in North America at

Jamestown, Virginia.

Mayflower Compact

Written in 1620 by male Pilgrims on the Mayflower. Created government where none had existed based on majority rule.

[image]A social contract where all agreed to abide by these rules in

the colonies. 

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

[image]First written constitution in the colonies; document that people had the right to elect governors, judges, and a legislature. Was written by the people; the fact that it was written down gave the document credibility.

Mercantilism

Economic theory in which a nation’s wealth is based on the amount of revenue is generated from its colonies.

[image]The more gold and

silver a nation has

determine its

wealth.

Slave Trade

The buying and selling of millions of Africans to North America.

Plantation System

System of agricultural production based on large scale landownership; depended upon slave labor; Assisted in the development of an agrarian society

[image]

in the South

Triangular Trade Route

[image]Trade route from:

Europe→Africa

Africa→West Indies

West Indies→Europe

House of Burgesses

First elected body of representatives in the American colonies; met in Williamsburg, Virginia.

Based on Parliament.

New England Colonies

[image]Cold climate

Forests

Economic factors: raw materials, logging, fishing shipbuilding

Political factors: town meetings, representative government

Social factors: small coastal towns (Boston only large city)

Religious factors: Puritans, Pilgrims

Southern Colonies

[image]Navigable rivers

Richer soil

Warm climate

Raw materials

Economic factors: plantations, cash crops, tobacco, rice, cotton

Political factors: more slaves, more class-based society

Social factors and small coastal towns (Savannah, Charleston were large cities)

Religious factors: Church of England, Catholics (Maryland), more diverse

Middle Colonies

[image]River valleys

Mild winters

Raw materials

Economic factors: large farms, logging, fishing, shipbuilding

Political factors: more tolerance; diversity

Social factors small coastal towns (Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York were large cities)

Religious factors: Quakers, Catholics

Effects of Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Major Historical and Contemporary Events

Physical geographic factors – proximity to Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created

The NewEngland Middle colonies had access to waterways that resulted in high population and larger urban areas.

Southern colonies had an abundant amount of fertile soil that resulted in an agricultural society

Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict (ex. Georgia as a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida)

Great Awakening

·        Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s.

·        Preached personal salvation as opposed to the Puritan beliefs of pre-destination.

·        JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best known preachers of the time – his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” urged believers to develop a personal relationship with God.

·        This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion. The Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening.

[image]First written constitution in the colonies; document that people had the right to elect governors, judges, and a legislature. Was written by the people; the fact that it was written down gave the document credibility.

The Great Awakening

[image]This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion.

The Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening.

William Penn

·         William Penn established a colony in North America as a refuge for Quakers. The land grant from the King was called “Pennsylvania” or Penn’s Woods. Supported toleration of the Native Americans, freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require citizens to serve in the militia.

Believed that each person was equal and allowed them to elect their own government officials.

Benjamin Franklin

·         Inventor, Scientist, Founding Father

·         1706 – 1790

·         Published  Poor Richard’s Almanack; sayings in his book helped shape the American character, such as “early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

·         Founded the first public library in the colonies, supported education; Post Master General for all the colonies

·         Scientist: Enlightenment: believed that through study and knowledge a person could improve his position in life

·         Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

·         Created the Albany Plan of Union – the first attempt to unite the colonies during the French and Indian War

·         Considered to be the “first civilized American”

Invented the lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and the Franklin stove

Explain the reasons for the development of representative government in Colonial America

Representative governments often develop to meet the political, economic, and social needs of the people who hold similar beliefs.

Major Eras and Events in U.S. History – Colonial America

·      Exploration and Colonization

·      Establishment of the 13 colonies

·      Representative Democracy

·      Mercantilism

Religious Freedom

What are some reasons for European colonization of North America

Reasons for Colonization:

·       Religious freedom

·       Political freedom

·       Economic opportunity (mercantilism)

·       Social mobility

A better way of life

What are some reasons for

European Exploration

Reasons for Exploration:

·      Religion

·      Wealth

·      Fame

·      National pride

·      Curiosity

Faster, cheaper trade routes to Asia

Political reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies

Political Reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

·        Political

·       Competition with Spain and France who already had many colonies in North America

·       Increase trade and markets for English exports (mercantilism)

Source of raw materials

Religious reasons for establishing

the 13 English Colonies

Religious reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

·       Seeking religious freedom

·       Freedom from persecution for religious beliefs

Reasons for Growth of Representative Government and Institutions During the Colonial Period

·        Distance from England created a need for colonists to make their own laws and keep peace and order

·        Colonists were accustomed to English traditions and structures (Parliament)

Most colonies were self-governing, electing members of their community to a general assembly, which made their laws

Social reasons for establishing

the 13 English Colonies:

[image]Social reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

·       Opportunity for adventure and a better way of life

England was overcrowded and settlers desired their own land

How did Religion and Virtue Contribute to the Growth of Representative Government in the American Colonies

·       Religious freedom was a cause for the establishment of the American colonies.

·       Religious groups: Quakers, Pilgrims, Puritans, and others) creating communities that were self-governed.

Penn colony (Pennsylvania) was an experiment in the possibility of equality and citizens involved in the government.

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves During the Colonial Period

Slaves During the Colonial Period:

[image]Economic – labor of the Plantation System; considered property; children considered property and sold with no regard to parents

Social – viewed as property; viewed as outside the American identity

Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Colonization:

[image]

Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict; for example, Georgia was a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Free Blacks During the Colonial Period

Free Blacks During the Colonial Period:

[image]Political – no political voice; limited / restricted rights

·       Economic – low wage earners

Social – lowest social class; limited access to education; socially isolated