Term
| responsibility of the dentist |
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Definition
diet screening and assessment
identification of diet patterns
diet counseling
referral to nutrition professionals
Clinical signs of any problem with the body are first seen in the oral cavity |
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Term
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Definition
prolong life
prevent disease/disability
personalization to individual needs |
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Term
| big dental and nutrition issues |
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Definition
dental carries
childhood obesity
failure to thrive
iron deficiency anemia
food allergies |
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Term
| 3 most common oral problems for adults |
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Definition
tooth decay
gum/jaw bone disease (periodontal disease)
tooth loss |
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Term
| oral cavity affecting diet and nutrition |
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Definition
eating desire/ability
diet quality
taste and swallowing
nutrition affects oral health systematically
diet affects oral health directly |
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Term
| primary cause of malnutrition in elders |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
earliest signs in mouth
rapid tissue turnover
undermine tissue regeneration
decreased oral infection resistance |
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Term
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Definition
defects in developing dentition (vit. D toxicity)
interfere with tissue regeneration (vit. A toxicity) |
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Term
| hyperplasia vs hypertrophy |
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Definition
hyperplasia:
increase in cell numbers
malnutrition not reversible
hypertrophy:
increase in cell size
malnutrition IS reversible |
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Term
| main cause for dental caries |
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Definition
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Term
| early childhood caries and teen caries |
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Definition
childhood caries:
sippy issue
juice issue
teen caries:
soda issue |
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Term
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Definition
| energy needed to raise temperature of 1kg water by 1 degree celcius |
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Term
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Definition
carbs - 4 calories/gram
protein - 4
fat - 9
alcohol - 7
sugar alcohols - 2.4-4
water,minerals,vitamins - 0 |
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Term
| resting energy expenditure |
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Definition
amount of energy needed to sustain body at rest for 24 hours
male = 900+10(kg wt)
female = 800+7(kg wt) |
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Term
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Definition
sedentary - 1.1-1.3
light - 1.4-1.5
moderate - 1.6-1.8
very active - 1.9-2.1
extremely active - 2.2-2.4 |
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Term
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Definition
how many calories needed per day
REE * activity factor |
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Term
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Definition
| (wt in lbs/ [height in inches]^2) * (703) |
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Term
| body fat distribution patterns |
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Definition
android (apple):
central body fat distribution
greater health risk
gynoid (pear):
lower body fat distribution
lesser health risk |
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Term
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Definition
female:
100lbs for 5'0" +5lbs every extra inch, plus/minus 10%
male:
106lbs for 5'0" + 6lbs evert extra inch, plus/minus 10% |
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Term
| how much body fat do men and women need to survive |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
genetics
environment
most likely both involved |
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Term
| 1lb fat is how many calories |
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Definition
3500
weight control:
500 calorie deficit per day * 7 days = -1lb per week |
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Term
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Definition
lose fat
dont lose excess lean tissue
dont lose excess water
reasonable goal: 10% loss over 6 months
lowe calorie diet
increase physical activity |
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Term
| patients who need to be careful about going on reducing diets on their own |
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Definition
children
pregnant/lactating women
seriously depressed
people who are already too thin
unmotivated |
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Term
| caloric lvl and side effect risk |
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Definition
LCD - low medical/nutritional risk
1000-1200 females
1200-1600 males
VLCD - medium
<800 calories
Total fast - high risk (lean tissue loss)
0 calories |
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Term
| implications of excess weight on oral health |
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Definition
type 2 diabetes and increased periodontal disease
xerostomia due to weight loss medications (sibutramine)
sequellae of poor diets on bone health |
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Term
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Definition
energy: <40% ideal BW = death
nutrient: deficiency over time = death
fluids: 3-4 w/o fluid = death |
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Term
| calorie distribution recommendations |
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Definition
55-60% kcals from carbs (10% from simple carbs)
15% from protein
25-35% from fat |
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Term
| RDA (recommended dietary alowance) standard |
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Definition
tells mean requirement of certain nutrient
anything outside 2 standard deviations = dead |
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Term
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Definition
DRI = dietary reference intakes
ear = estimated average requirement
dv = daily value
5% or less is low
20% or more is high
based on optimum, not minimum
ul - upper limit of safety (before harm can be done) |
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Term
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Definition
one of best supplements that are safe
best absorbed if taken several times daily
in amounts of 500mg or less
Ca carbonate best with food - 40% calcium
Ca citrate can be taken anytime - 21% calcium
bone mass increases with Ca intake then plateaus
adding more can cause problems with other minerals |
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Term
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Definition
not essential to be eaten preformed
liver synthesis |
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Term
| indispensable amino acids |
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Definition
must be consumed as is
form food |
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Term
| conditionally indispensable amino acids |
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Definition
| not synthesized at high enough rate in some circumstances |
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Term
| adult protein requirements |
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Definition
safe intake:
no less than 0.7g/kgwt/day
optimal intake:
0.8g/kg/day
1.1 in pregant |
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Term
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Definition
US intake = 100g/day+
need 10-30g for biological system
young females and women 71+ have lowest intake
men and young kids have most |
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Term
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Definition
high - utilized almost gram for gram (mothers milk, egg, meat, fish, soy)
low - non animal products, grains, veggie proteins, gelation |
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Term
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Definition
vegetarians
wheat lacks lysine
corn lacks tryptophan
they complement each other
wheat+beans = complementary protein |
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Term
| 3 main sources of veggie protein |
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Definition
legumes
nuts or seeds
grains
plant protein more economical - no cholesterol and little fat |
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Term
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Definition
more restrictive = increased awareness about daily requirements
semi-vegetarian
lacto-ovo vegetarian
lacto-vegetarian
vegan
fruitarian |
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Term
| potential risks of restrictive vegan diets |
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Definition
hypo-caloric
anemia
rickets
failure to thrive |
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Term
| potential benefits of vegetarian diets |
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Definition
low calorie
low fat
low cholesterol
low sodium |
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Term
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Definition
glucose: natural in fruits and veggies
fructose: natural in fruits and veggies
galactose: milk sugar |
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Term
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Definition
sucrose - brown sugar (sucrose+molasses)
maltose - malt sugar
lactose - milk sugar |
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Term
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Definition
"sugar makes you fat" - not sugar, its the excess calories
"sugar addictive" - no physiological addiction; psych. dependency
"sugar triggers diabetes" - diabetes is hereditary; obesity triggers type 2
"sugar causes hyperactivity" - no scientific evidence |
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Term
| sources of polysaccharides |
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Definition
starch (digestible)
cellulose (non-digestible) |
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Term
| normal serum glucose concentration |
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Definition
72-125mg/dl
visible in urine above 300mg/dl
regulation:
insulin - glycogen formation
glycogen - glycogen breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
glycogen = major storage
stores = saturation at about 1000g
liver totally depleted after 12-18hrs of fasting |
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Term
| fiber parts and digestion |
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Definition
endosperm digestible
germ digestible - vitamin E, iron, minerals
bran - digestible |
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Term
| non digestible parts of plants |
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Definition
cellulose
hemicellulose
lignin
all insoluble |
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Term
| fiber properties that affect health |
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Definition
water holding capacity
viscosity (slows fat absorption, influence stomach emptying)
fermentation (produce short chain FA, cancer/gut protective)
bile acid binding (prevents absorption)
add fiber gradually, fiber can decrease vitamin/mineral absorption |
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Term
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Definition
fruits&veggies protect against cancer at all sites
whole grain cereals protect against colorectal cancer
phytoestrogens in CHO foods may protect against breast cancer |
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Term
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Definition
14gms/1000 kcals or 20-35g per day
100g = 3.5 ounces
form of the food will affect its fiber content (apple > apple juice) |
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Term
| alternative sweeteners - why people use them |
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Definition
tastes like sugar
weight maintenance/reduction
non-nutritive sweeteners do not affect blood sugar levels
non-nutritive/low calorie sweeteners decrease risk of dental carries |
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Term
| vitamins synthesizable by humans |
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Definition
vitamin d
vitamin a
niacin (B3)
biotin |
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Term
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Definition
b vitamins
vitamin c (ascorbic acid)
absorption: directly into blood
transport: travel freely
storage: freely circulating in water in body
exception: kidney detects and removed in urine
toxicity: unlikely except niacin
requirements: needed in frequent, small doses |
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Term
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Definition
vitamin a, d, e, k
absorption: first into lymph, then blood
transport: need protein carriers
storage: in cells associated with fat
excretion: less readily excreted, tend to remain in fat-storage cites
toxicity: likely when consumed in excess
requirements: needed in periodic doses |
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Term
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Definition
does not replace food
only need if elderly, medically compromised, or have a vitamin deficiency
yes: multivitamins
no: individual supplements |
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Term
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Definition
humans cant make vitamin C
guinea pigs and fruit bats and some monkeys also cannot synthesize vitamin C |
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Term
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Definition
reducing agent (reverses oxidation reactions)
increases iron absorption (reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+)
biosynthesis of neurotransmitters and carnitine
hormone product and release
collagen production
protects other antioxidants |
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Term
| vitamin c and oral health |
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Definition
hydroxylation of lysin and proline to form collagen
integrity of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, odontoblasts, tissues, bones, and teeth
rate of dentin formation related to vitamin c levels |
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Term
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Definition
aka avitaminosis C
hemorrhaging
bleeding into skin, subcutaneous tissues, muscles and joints
symptoms develop after 3 months of severe or total deficiency
fatal if left untreated
dental implications:
affects tooth development and eruption
pupal hemorrhages in infants
pulp: hyperemia, edema, necrosis, abnormal calcifications
dentin: odontoblastic generation, irregular formation |
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Term
| calcium levels significance |
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Definition
normal levels are 9-10.5mg/dl
low levels (<8mg/dl) increases nervous tissue irritability; may cause tetany with convulsions
high levels (>12mg/dl) lead to kidney failure and coma; cardiac arrhythmias may occur leading to cardiac arrest |
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Term
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Definition
sharp rise in intracellular calcium stimulates cell metabolism, growth, and proliferation
cells can increase intracellular calcium by allowing it to cross cell membrane |
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Term
| three hormones responsible for maintenance of calcium in blood |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
osteoblasts - form bone
osteocytes - maintain bones
osteoclasts - resorb bone |
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Term
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Definition
maintains acid-base balance
produce blood cells
detoxify
fat storage |
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Term
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Definition
converted into a hormone
receptors present in nearly every tissue in the human body
essential for the bodys absorption of calcium
source: sunlight, fish, fish oils |
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Term
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Definition
bone - reduces fractures
heart&muscles - protects against heart attack; low back and arm pain
brain - improves brain function
immune system - lowers vulnerability to colds and flu, autoimmune disease
protects from disease |
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Term
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Definition
deficiency in children is rickets
deficiency in adults in osteomalacia |
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Term
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Definition
low skeletal mass (porous bone)
hip,spine,wrist most common
silent risk factor for fracture |
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Term
| general functions of B vitamins |
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Definition
CHO metabolism
fat metabolism
AA and protein metabolism
hematopoesis |
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Term
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Definition
thiamin (supplements=expensive urine)
riboflavin
niacin (synthesized from trp)
pantothenic acid
b6 (converts trp to niacin;homocysteine to cysteine)
folate
b12
biotin |
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Term
| risks of being underweight |
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Definition
| Osteoporosis, osteopenia,infertility, compromised immune system, lethargy, decreased ability to recover from illness |
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Term
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Definition
total fast (losing lean tissue)
very low calorie or very low CHO diet (causes both water and fat loss - fluid shift)
too low in nutrients
too low in calories
rate of weight loss too fast
too unbalanced |
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Term
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Definition
Fruits: 1-2 1⁄2 cups/day (rich in vitC&B6)
Vegetables: 1-4 cups/ day (rich in C&B6)
Grains: 3-10 ounces or equiv./day (rich in iron)
Meat, beans: 2-7 oz. or equiv.
Milk: 2-3 cups (calcium)
Oils: 3-11 tsp. |
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Term
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Definition
structure
transport and binding
enzymes
regulation
protection
ph regulation
protein conjugates |
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Term
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Definition
Coenzymes
Metabolism of macronutrients and energy production
Antioxidants
Reduction and oxidation reactions
Hematopoesis (formation and development of cells of the blood)
Tissue formation and integrity
Hormone synthesis
Immune function |
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Term
| factors reducing absorption of calcium |
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Definition
Excessive Intake
Chelating agents
Rapid transit- use of laxatives
Damage to intestine |
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