Term
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Definition
| “kind” or “appearance” originally grouped by how they look (morphology) but are now groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. KEY – Reproductive Isolation |
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Term
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Definition
| Pre-Zygotic : Before egg, Post-Zygotic |
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Term
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Definition
| “other country” – Biological populations are isolated by an extrinsic barrier and evolve genetic reproductive isolation, if barrier vanishes, individuals of that population can no longer interbreed. |
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Term
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Definition
“together” – not that common in animals, but plants. Pattern in which speciation occurs in the absence of a physical barrier.
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Term
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Definition
| – Occurs when two or more populations are speciation and are living in the same region. Connected by geographic ring of populations that can interbreed |
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Term
Microevolution vs. macroevolution
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Definition
| – Micro = small change – change in allele frequencies while Macro = bigger change – forming new species, patterns of evolution that occur above the species level. |
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Term
Gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium
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Definition
| – Gradualism is slow, gradual change; evolution generally occurs uniformly and by steady transformation of entire population. Punctuated is long period of stasis followed by rapid speciation. |
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Term
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Definition
| – Current forms are grouped by decreasing similarity. |
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Term
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Definition
| – “Tree of life” Groups of species, understanding phylogeny give us insights for origins of disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| – Homology are similar structures due to common descent (Bat wings vs. human arm vs. whale fin = same bones) while analogy is similar features due to common environments (sea-turtles, fish, and whales all have similar shape for swimming; but all have different Ancestors. |
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Term
Classification system of organisms
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Definition
| – Group organisms by biological type such as genus of species. |
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Term
Causes of biodiversity/ species richness (plants and animals)
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Definition
| –Interactions between organisms, life forms – Separation of continents – Change in climate – Geologic features, mass extinctions. Species Richness: # of different species in a given area. |
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Term
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Definition
| – kingdom – phylum – class – order – family – genes - species |
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Term
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Definition
| – 545 MYA – Radiation of most modern animal phyla; well marked in fossil record; rapid appearance, over millions of years, of most major groups of complex animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| – 3 levels: 1) Genetic diversity within species 2) Species diversity 3) Ecosystem diversity. Healthy ecosystems are essential to survival of our species – Medicines - Indicator species – sensitive to environmental change. |
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Term
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Definition
| – Hierarchal classification of the natural world; Animal, plant, and mineral kindom. Developed by Carl Linnaeus |
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Term
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Definition
| – Reproductive’s: have wings and eyes – Workers: Wingless and Blind, build nest and feed reproductive’s and soldiers – Soldiers: Wingless and Blind, defend colony, can’t feed itself. Soldiers might turn into reproductives or vies versa if there is a shortage. |
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Term
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Definition
| – Nutrient recycling, habitat formation, soil formation/quality and food for countless predators. Master architects, complex tunnels (air condition, we use them as furnaces), Used design to engineer buildings. |
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Term
Nutrition – components of diet
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Definition
| – 2,000-2,500 calories a day (80g of fat) reduce intake of refined grains, sat fats, Tran’s fatty acids, added sugar or calorie sweeteners and salt. Eat more vegetables and fruits, fat free dairy products, and whole grains. Calories in = calories out |
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Term
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Definition
| – Reason why Americans are getting so overweight. Portions are getting larger, oppose to 20 years ago. |
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Term
Immunity – 3 lines of defense
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Definition
| – Non-specific: 1st line of defense is skin/mucous membranes 2nd line of defense is inflammatory response. Specific defense (immune memory) 3rd line of defense – passive and active immunity: lymphocytes – Antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| – Killer cells, white blood cells – Cells that destroy microbes – Protect body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells “to eat” “Devour” |
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Term
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Definition
| – White blood cells that kill infected or cancerous cells. Kills antigens by releasing chemicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| – Phagocytic white blood cell that patrols tissue fluids. Eats cellular debris and pathogens. |
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Term
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Definition
| – 3rd line of defense: Binds to antibody. Molecule or partial that the immune system recognizes as self or non-self. Self is tolerated but non-self are identified as introducers and attacked by immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| – Protein that interacts with antigens – Produced by B cells – Y shaped antigen receptor protein made by B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| – Produced by T cells – Antigen binding receptor on the surface of T cells. |
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Term
T cells (helper, cytotoxic, memory)
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Definition
| – Circulating white blood cell central to adaptive immunity; some target sick body cells. Cytotoxic T cells destroy cells, helper T cells stimulate immune system, and memory T cells provide future immunity. |
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Term
B cells (differentiation, memory)
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Definition
| – Type of white blood cell that makes antibodies against antigens example: plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| – White blood cells that produce antibodies – B – Cells – Originate in bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| – 2nd line: Non specific defense – Local response to tissue damage or infection; characterized by redness, warmth, swelling and pain. |
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Term
Innate versus specific (or “adaptive”) immunity
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Definition
| – Bodies ability to resist and fight infections - No memory or lasting protective immunity – Specific: Comes into play when innate or non-specific immunity can’t handle problem 2 types 1) humoral/mediated by B-Cells 2) Cell mediated by T-Cells |
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Term
Characteristics of emerging infectious diseases
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Definition
| – Relative risk of viruses highest, most emerging human pathogen, (>75%) are Zoonotic |
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Term
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Definition
| – Are diseases causes by infectious agents that can be transmitted between animals and humans. (>75%) |
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Term
STDs (types, risks, treatments)
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Definition
Infectious disease caused by a pathogen that can live in the reproductive tract– HPV, Chlamydia, genital herpes, Gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV, AIDS – Treatments include: Vaccines, condoms, get tested regularly know partners status, Abstinence.
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Term
Male reproductive anatomy/ spermatogenesis
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Definition
| – Process which male spermatogonia develops into mature sperm |
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Term
Female reproductive anatomy/ oogenesis
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Definition
| – Creation of an egg cell (Ovum) - Ovaries |
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Term
Menstrual cycle (role of hormones, etc)
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Definition
| -28 day cycle, monthly cycle in which the uterine lining thickens in prep. For pregnancy then is shed if pregnancy doesn’t occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| – Union of human egg and sperm – Ovum: sperm fusing with ovum following ejaculation during intercourse – Only hundreds of sperm reach ovum – Acrosome: front tip of sperm contains enzymes – Fertilization: Two haploid cells (sperm and ovum) fuse to form diploid (2n) Zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| – Single cell zygote – Multiple divisions – Embryo: Zygote, Increase in cell #, Blastula. |
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Term
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Definition
| – Embryo adheres to wall of uterus – Embryo is a blastocyst – Fetus receives oxygen and nutrients from mother to be able to grow – Can only take place during implantation window. |
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Term
Birth control (types, effectiveness)
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Definition
| – Preventing gamete release, preventing fertilization, preventing implantation. Prevents pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| – Eukaryotic cells: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma |
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Term
Plant organs/ tissue types
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Definition
| – 2 organs – Shoot system and root system. 3 Tissue types – Dermal, Ground, and Vascular. |
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Term
Plant vascular tissue/ transport
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Definition
| – Plants with true roots have vascular system – consists of internal pipelines in which water and nutrients move through body, which are side by side extending from roots to leaves (xylem, phloem). Over 90% are vascular plants. |
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Term
Stem leaf and root structure
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Definition
| – Primary growth followed by secondary growth. Leaf is a sugar factory and roots take up water and mineral nutrients (Taproot or Fibrous) |
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Term
Flowering plant life cycle
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Definition
| – Germination, growth, reproduction, death |
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Term
Flowering plant reproduction
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Definition
| – Early plants used mitosis for reproduction –Later plants started to split themselves using meiosis: male and female needed two possible forms of haploid or diploid cells – Later plants developed spores which turned into seeds – Male = Stamens (pollen) Female = Carpel (stigma, style, and ovary) |
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Term
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Definition
| – Delivery of pollen to female part of a plant. |
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Term
Seed formation and germination
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Definition
| – The resumption of growth after a period of dormancy – Embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule. Germination – Seed embryo develops into a seedling. Leads to growth and emergence of seed root and shoot. |
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Term
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Definition
| – Monocots – lineage of angiosperms that included grasses, archid, and plants. 1st seed leaf Dicots – Seeds typically have two embryonic leaves. |
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