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JUDAISM.
inheritors of the Pharisee tradition, and carried on as teachers and religious decision-makers after the failed rebellions against the Roman Empire. |
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JUDAISM.
"meeting places", where they'd meet to engage in prayer, song, and readings from the Torah. |
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JUDAISM.
quorum of then adult males, required for worship. |
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JUDAISM.
the process of studying the torah. |
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JUDAISM.
hebrew word for charity, based on the word meaning "justice". aid to others is not something extra, it is something owed to others as a matter of justice. |
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JUDAISM.
foods that are ritually acceptable, because some foods are unclean. |
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JUDAISM.
movement dedicated to the establishment of a jewish state in the biblical land of israel, ending the exile from zion (site of the jerusalem temples.) |
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JUDAISM.
the dispersed ethnic nation of jews, also, the political state of israel. |
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JUDAISM.
binding agreement between God and the Jewish people. |
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JUDAISM.
prejudice against jews. |
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JUDAISM.
the Nazi government of Germany murdered 6 million European Jews. ½ of the Jewish population of Europe, over 1/3 of the Jewish population of the world. Happened because of “racial purity” and blamed Jews for Germany’s economic problems after WWI. By 1942: large-scale death camps at which Jews were executed in large gas chambers. Raised theological questions about God’s goodness. |
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JUDAISM.
the dramatic end to a present age. |
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JUDAISM.
jews in some italian and german cities were forced to live in walled in ghettos after 1555. |
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JUDAISM.
develops during the middle ages, depicts the material world as a lower reflection of a higher reality. |
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JUDAISM.
strict form of Judaism observing the traditional halakhah. Maintains that the Torah is the word of God, and the Talmud is the legitimate oral law. Approx.. 3 million orthodox Jews today, mostly in Israel and the U.S. |
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JUDAISM.
(Haredi Judaism) generally favors detachment from non-Jewish culture. Includes Hasidism. Approx. 4 million Hasidic Jews today. |
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JUDAISM.
modernized sect. hymns and sermons in the vernacular (rather than Hebrew), emphasis on Saturday services rather than prayer three times a day. Choirs in synagogue, Sabbath service shortened delivered in the vernacular, liturgy revised to eliminate references to a return to Zion, as well as animal sacrifice. Judaism understood as an evolving religion, not fully accepted in Israel. About 1.5 million Reform Jews today, most of them in the U.S. |
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JUDAISM.
(Masoriti), a moderate movement originating in the U.S. in the late 19th century. Belief that Jews have always sought to keep their laws and scriptural interpretation relevant and meaningful as times change. Seeks to maintain traditional laws and practices while using modern methods of scholarship. Second largest branch of Judaism in the U.S. after Reform Judaism. Approx. 1 million conservative Jews today. |
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JUDAISM.
offshoot of Conservative Judaism, originating in 1922. Rejects as exclusivist the idea that the Jewish people were specially chosen by God. Maintains hat Judaism is constantly changing. Rejects subordination of women, physical resurrection of the body, and God’s having rewarded or punished Israel through manipulation of natural events. About 120,000 reconstructionist Jews today, mostly in the U.S. |
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JUDAISM.
The hebrew bible. |
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JUDAISM.
five books of moses (genesis, exodus, leviticus, numbers, dueteronomy). torah can also mean the whole of Jewish scripture and law. assumed final form in 5th century BCE. |
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JUDAISM.
set of legal teachings |
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JUDAISM.
compilation of law, Midrash, and argument. |
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JUDAISM.
God tells him he will be the father of two nations: one through Isaac, and one through Ishmael. Muslims trace their traditions to Ishmael, and Israelites from Isaac. Was told to sacrifice his son, and then was stopped by God. |
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JUDAISM.
Abraham’s son, was supposed to die but God saved it from happening, all Israelites trace their traditions back to him. |
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JUDAISM.
grandson of Abraham, wrestles all night with an angel and receives the name Israel (“the one who struggled with God”. |
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JUDAISM.
receives the 10 Commandments, travels to Mt. Sinai to re-establish the covenant between God and his people. He leads the chosen people out of slavery in Egypt. |
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JUDAISM.
second king of Israel, made Jerusalem the capital and brought the Ark there. |
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JUDAISM
king, and son of David. Built the first temple of Jerusalem. |
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JUDAISM.
scholar who lived around the same time as Jesus. Focused on the application of the Torah to everyday life, which often involves interpretations of texts written long before and stressed love, good deeds, and charity. |
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JUDAISM.
completed the Mishnah around 200 CE, which was a set of legal teachings. |
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JUDAISM
a scholar and physician who was forced to leave Spain in the mid-12th century for Egypt. |
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JUDAISM
key figure in the international Zionist movement. |
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JUDAISM.
sunset on Friday to sunset on Saturday, all work stops when Sabbath begins in recognition of God’s having created the world in 6 days and rested on the seventh. Special Friday night dinner with candles and braided bread, and Saturday morning services with prayer and readings from the Torah. |
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JUDAISM
the New Year, a remembrance of god’s creation of the world (around the fall equinox). Followed by the 10 days of Awe. |
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JUDAISM
end of the High Holy days, renewal of the sacred covenant, inner cleansing, asking forgiveness. |
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JUDAISM
Fall harvest festival. Building of a sukkah as a symbolic or actual dwelling place for seven days. |
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JUDAISM
Feast of Dedication near the winter solstice. lighting of candles for eight consecutive nights, giving of gifts. Marks the successful Maccabean revolt. |
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JUDAISM
celebrated on the full moon the month before spring. Costumes, poking fun at life’s seriousness. Giving of gifts to the poor, friends, and family. |
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JUDAISM
in Exodus, God sends signs to let the people go, all first-born children and creatures die, with the children of the Israelites being spared. Commemorates the 10th plague in Egypt. |
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JUDAISM
early summer, probably originally a harvest festival. Commemorates the giving of the Torah to Moses on Mt. Sinai. Followed by the three weeks of mourning for the temples of Jerusalem. |
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ISLAM.
a cubic stone building and the holiest site in Islam. it is located in the great mosque. |
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ISLAM.
traditional accounts of the actions and words of Muhammad (his Sunnah). |
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ISLAM.
successor to the Prophet. |
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ISLAM
A leader of Muslim prayer |
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ISLAM.
spiritual practices that all Muslims are required to do their best to fulfill. They Form the core of Muslim spiritual life. |
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ISLAM.
the first pillar: belief and witness. “there is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God.” They’re required to spread the message of Islam to others, but are forbidden to use coercion to do so. Respect for all prophets and revealed scriptures. |
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ISLAM
the third pillar: almsgiving. Charitable giving is required of al those who are able to give. Muslims are required to give 2.5% of their accumulated wealth to the needy. It preserves social harmony shows concern for fellow Muslims, fosters a sense of community, and purifies the giver. |
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ISLAM
fifth pillar: pilgrimage. All muslims who are physically and financially able should make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during their lives. Pilgrims make seven circuits around the Ka’bah. The great mosque can hold three million worshipers. |
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ISLAM
belief in any deity except the one god. |
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ISLAM
ungratefulness to, or lack of belief in God. |
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ISLAM
the divine law, in islam. |
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ISLAM.
a poor, mendicant mystic. |
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ISLAM.
protected people. In terms of Christians and Jews being treated as “people of the book” and given the status of dhimmis, they were permitted to practice their faiths, but not to convert others. |
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Definition
ISLAM
the abode of Islam (Muslim majority, governance by Shari’ah law). |
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ISLAM.
abode of peace (Muslim minority living in peace and freely practicing Islam). |
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ISLAM
abode of conflict (Muslim minority struggling to practice Islam). |
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ISLAM.
covering of women’s bodies except for hands, face, and feet. Some women feel that this allows them to avoid unwanted attention from men, while others find it oppressive. Veiling has sometimes allowed women more freedom to participate in public life. |
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ISLAM
often mistranslated as “holy war”, it means “struggle” or “striving”, and is a requirement of all Muslims. A greater Jihad is the struggle against one’s lower self; an internal struggle between right and wrong, error and truth. The lesser Jihad is an external struggle to protect one’s faith, honor, way of life, and the integrity of the Muslim community. |
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ISLAM
a legal opinion issued by an authority according to a particular school of law. |
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ISLAM.
follows the elected caliphs, starting with Abu Bakr after the death of Muhammad. They regard the caliph as a religious leader and the administrator of Shari’ah, or Islamic law. 75-90% of Muslims are Sunni. |
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ISLAM
hold Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, to have been the rightful successor to the Prophet. They recognize the Imams rather than the caliphs as spiritual (and political) leaders, as well as interpreters of Shari’ah. The major Shi’a country is Iran. Iraq is also a Shi’a majority, but by a smaller margin. 10-20% of Muslims are Shi’a. |
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Definition
ISLAM.
the mystical tradition of Islam, and resists the legalistic and intellectual developments of the early Sunni and Shi’a traditions. There is more emphasis on inner experience, asceticism, allegorical interpretation of the Qur’an, and selfless love. There is a lack of systematic doctrine, and frequent use of poetry to express the profound nature of humans’ relationship to God. |
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Definition
ISLAM.
means “reading” or “reciting”. It, rather than the Prophet, is the foundation of Islam. They’re revelations received by Muhammad over a period of 23 years. Earlier ones emphasize the unity of God and the importance of heeding God’s message, and the later address the organization and social lives of the Muslim community. Recitation of the Qur’an is to be done in a subdued tone, and is thought not only to be soothing and healing, but to bring guidance and knowledge. It should only be done in a purified state. The text is made up of 114 suras (chapters), the Qur’an is often beautifully decorated, featuring elaborate calligraphy—but pictorial representation is forbidden. After Muhammad’s death, it was preserved orally and in writing. In 650, the third caliph convened a council to settle on a single, authoritative text, which it did. There are three layers of meaning in the early passages, 1) concrete—references to particular people, events; 2) a spiritual lesson; 3) mystical. There are frequent mention of people and stories from Jewish and Christian history (Jesus is mentioned by name (Isa) 25 times, and Moses is mentioned more often than any other person.) Adam, Abraham, and Jesus are mentioned as important prophets. However, they don’t view that Jesus is son of God, or that he atoned for humans’ sins. It is seen as the text that corrects the distortions of God’s message that appear earlier in the monotheistic tradition. |
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ISLAM.
he is NOT worshipped by Muslims, who worship only God. Representations of Muhammad are forbidden, so as not to encourage idol-worship. He was born into a poor clan in about 570 CE. His father died before he was born, and his mother died when he was 6. He became a shepherd and lived with his Uncle. At 25, he married Khadijah who was a faithful supporter in the early years of his mission. He undertook periods of solitary retreat, receiving the first revelations of the Qur’an in a cave on Mount Hira, outside Mecca, on one such retreat during the month of Ramadan. He shared his revelations with his wife, cousin Ali, friend Abu Bakr, and freed slave Zayd. He and his followers of Islam are banished for three years but return to Mecca where Muhammad endures tough times, losing his wife and uncle. He experiences the Night of Ascension, in which he travels into the 7 heavens into the presence of God, meeting old prophets including Jesus. He died in 632. Muslims hold his life to be a model, but do not regard him as divine, claimed that his only miracle was the Qur’anic revelations he received. He is held to have been humble, kind, compassionate to humans and animals. |
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Definition
ISLAM.
he is said to have two sons, and he took isma’il and his mother, Hagar to the valley of Mecca, where father and son built the Ka’bah. |
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ISLAM.
He built the Ka’bah with Ibrahim (Abraham) his father in the valley of Mecca. |
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ISLAM.
was mentioned in the Qur’an 25 times as important prophets, even though they don’t believe that he is the son of God or that he atoned for humans’ sins. |
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ISLAM.
Muhammad’s friend, who was elected the first caliph. |
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ISLAM.
Muhammad’s cousin and husband of his daughter Fatima, and Shi’ites maintain that he was the legitimate heir of the Prophet (not Abu Bakr). |
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ISLAM.
Christian crusaders conquered Jerusalem in 1099 and slaughtered many Muslims. Saladin retook Jerusalem in 11187. Despite his adherence to Muslim principles of religious tolerance, animosity between Christians and Muslims lingered. |
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Definition
ISLAM.
the shahs had tried to modernize the country of Iran, but the regime was overthrown by the followers of Ayatollah Khomeini who used violent means to achieve and spread revolution. |
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Definition
ISLAM.
dawn-to-sunset abstention from food, drink, sex, and smoking. Fasting is required during the month of Ramadan. |
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SIKHISM.
disciples, students, teachers of truth. |
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SIKHISM
traditional stories about the life of Guru Nanak, first written down in the 17th century. |
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SIKHISM
half-Muslim, half-Hindu, and located across what is now northern India and Pakistan. |
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SIKHISM
the sikh community. |
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SIKHISM
Pure Ones. Today, they are the community of baptized Sikhs who are bound to wear the Five K’s at all times. Males are given the last name Singh, females are given the last Kaur. The ceremony does not happen at a very young age, but when the initiate is old enough to understand the commitment. |
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SIKHISM
a nectar-like holy water that is drunk by the Khalsa. |
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SIKHISM
all the words begin with “k” in Punjabi. Kesh: unshorn hair, Kangha: a wooden comb, Kachera: drawstring undergarment (for modesty), kirpan: a small, curved sword (symbolizing dignity and willingness to fight for the weak), kara: a metal bracelet (as a reminder that one is a servant of God). These symbols were the same no matter caste or gender. The Khalsa is the community of baptized Sikhs who are bound to wear the Five K’s at all times. |
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SIKHISM
the holy name of God. |
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SIKHISM
community meal, open to all regardless of caste. typically takes place at a gurd-wara, the place of public worship. |
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SIKHISM
The Fifth Guru compiled a holy book called the Adi Granth, which is now (with additions) called the Guru Granth Sahib because the tenth Guru is said to have transferred his spiritual authority to the text rather than another human Guru. |
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Definition
SIKHISM
was once called the Adi Granth, but now (with additions) is called the Guru Granth Sahib because the Tenth Guru is said to have transferred his spiritual authority to the text rather than another human Guru. The scripture is now viewed as the embodiment of the Guru. |
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Definition
SIKHISM
- the first Sikh prophet, lived in northern India in the area of the Punjab, about 1469-1539. His followers were called Sikhs. The Punjab region was half-Muslim, half-Hindu, and located across what is now northern India and Pakistan. The Janam-sakhis is traditional stories about his life, and first written down in the 17th century. At age 30, he had a transformative experience in a river and afterward travels through India and southwest Asia. He denied being Hindu or Muslim, and emphasized three teachings: working hard to earn an honest living, sharing one’s earnings with the needy, and remembering God at all times. |
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CHRISTIANITY
Condemned is beaten, tortured, and nailed to a cross.
The sentence for Jesus Christ. |
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CHRISTIANITY
The cornerstone of Christian belief in salvation through Jesus. Jesus was buried in a tomb behind a large stone door, when several women went to his tomb to give him a proper burial the tomb was empty.
Jesus appeared before them and encouraged them to spread his gospel. |
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CHRISTIANITY
After his resurrection, Jesus ascended to heaven forty days later. |
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CHRISTIANITY
An event during which the disciples were touched on the head by swirling tongues of fire, prompting them to speak in tongues. Peter declared that they had been filled with the Holy Spirit. |
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CHRISTIANITY
Aimed to settle the issue of Jesus's relationship to God, i.e. the Holy Trinity. 325 CE |
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CHRISTIANITY
An ecclesiastical court set up to investigate and suppress heresy. Some inquisitors used torture. |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Precipitated by practices of Church officials, particularly with respect to financial activities i.e. indulgence: granting remission of punishment for sin in exchange for payment or services.
• Salvation only by God’s Grace
• “Priesthood of all believers” ministers may marry
• Sacraments are seen as commemorative, not vehicles of God’s grace |
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CHRISTIANITY
Council of Trent: intended to reform clergy and Church administration, and give official recognition to the authority of the pope. |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Sacred rite recognized as great importance and significance.
There are Seven Sacraments
• Baptism
• Confirmation
• Eucharist
• Penance
• Extreme unction
• Holy orders
• Matrimony |
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CHRISTIANITY
Baptism is the sacrament that frees man from original sin and from personal guilt, that makes him a member of Christ and His Church |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
A baptized person who sins again, sins against God to whom, since his baptism in the name of the Most Holy Trinity, he belongs. He also betrays the Church of which he is now a member. Thus, the new atonement assumes the character of a legal trial, with accusation, sentence and satisfaction. |
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CHRISTIANITY
Also known as communion |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
When the child grows up he or she may well wish to affirm these beliefs himself - in other words to 'confirm' the promises made on his behalf at his baptism by his godparents |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
The Sacrament "Extreme Unction," also called "Last Rites" or "Annointing of the Sick," is the annointing given to those who are gravely bodily ill, especially those in danger of death from bodily illness or from violence already done to the body |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
The Sacrament of Holy Orders is the continuation of Christ's priesthood, which He bestowed upon His Apostles; thus, the Catechism of the Catholic Church refers to the Sacrament of Holy Orders as "the sacrament of apostolic ministry." |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
In the sacrament of the eucharist, bread and wine are transformed into the body and blood of christ. |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Convened by Pope John XXIII in 1962 to address concerns that the Catholic Church's traditionalism was making it less relevant to people in the modern world
• Agreement that the liturgy would be translated from Latin into the vernacular and rites would be simplified
• Emphasis on ecumenism, or striving for unity among all Christian churches and appreciation for other religious traditions
• Market a relatively liberal direction for Catholicism that was reversed considerably in the late 20th and early 21st centuries |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
The appearance of an angel who tells Mary that she will have a child conceived by the Holy Spirit. |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Vatican II opened the possibility of increased dialogues between the Catholic Church and other Churches. But the Catholic and Orthodox Church still do not share communication with each other. |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
The largest percentage of Christians is currently outside of those regions. Was 43% non-Western but is now 65% non-Western |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Stresses the need for concrete political action to help the poor, and confronting poverty as evil |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Religious truth |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Doctrine of original sin: all human beings have inherited a sinful nature from their ancestors and can only be saved by the Grace of God, through the resurrection of Jesus, and the sacrament of baptism. Salvation required good works as well as faith |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
“Good News”, first four books of the New Testament written 40-60 years after the death of Jesus. Names for Matthew and John, and Mark and Luke |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Born a jew in Bethlehem, the son of God. Sense of mission as a child, knowledge of Jewish tradition. At age 30 Jesus is baptized and spends 40 days fasting in the wilderness, during which he refuses the temptations of Satan. After his time in the wilderness, Jesus gathers his first disciples, telling them that they would have to leave behind all their possessions and human attachments to follow him |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
The Virgin mother of Jesus Christ, conceived Jesus by the Holy Spirit. |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
A prophet who was conducting baptisms in the Jordan River, he baptized Jesus. Executed by King Herod |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Jesus's disciple who betrays him for thirty pieces of silver. Jesus predicts a betrayal, Judas kisses Jesus. |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Roman governor, had jurisdiction over Jesus's sentence. Because of Jewish critics, he has Jesus crucified. |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Saul was a persecutor of Jesus; he converted to Christianity and became Paul after meeting the resurrected Christ on the road to Damascus. |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Monastic order, St. Benedict offered a moderate position between extreme devotion and institutional order. The rule of St. Benedict emphasized poverty, chastity, and economic sufficiency |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Led the Monastic orders of Franciscans, had a vision of Jesus speaking to him on the cross |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
In childhood, she prayed for an illness to understand God and at the age of 30 she became ill and had visions of Jesus.Optimistic theology |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
1517: the 95 theses. nailed these to the Church about what he didn't believe about the Roman Catholic Church. Lead to present day Lutheranism |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Rejected substantiations, as well as practice not mentioned in the bible (e.g. celibacy for the clergy and veneration of saints) |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
French doctor, founded Presbyterianism, and Congregationalism |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Christian monk who studied Eastern mysticisms, visited with Buddhist and Hindu mystics in Asia. Sought a direct, personal experience of God's truths |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Archbishop of Constantinople, has done much for the profile of orthodoxy, and has worked to improve relations with Catholics and Protestants |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Took Roman Catholic Church in more traditional direction |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Conservative doctrinally, criticized both capitalism and Marxism for "marginalizing" God |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Discovered the Book of Mormon on gold plates in New York 1822, killed in Illinois |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Leads a group of Latter-Day Saints to SLC |
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Term
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Season of Light
Celebrates the birth of Jesus, reenacting the Gospel's account of the birth of Jesus |
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Term
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Season of Light
Western Church; a celebration of the recognition of Jesus divinity by the MAgi
Eastern Church: A celebration of Jesus's baptism |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Season of Light
The month preceding Christmas |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Commemoration of Jesus's death (on good Friday) and resurrection (on easter Sunday). Most important event of the Christian liturgical year |
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Definition
CHRISTIANITY
Forty-day period of repentance preceding Easter; observed with acts of prayer, charity, and asceticism |
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CHRISTIANITY
Observed on the Thursday forty days after ascension to heaven |
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| How many Present day Christians are there in the world? |
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| How many present day Islam are there in the world? |
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| How many present day Hindus are there in the world? |
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| How many present day Buddhists are there in the world? |
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| How many present day Chinese religions are there in the world? |
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| How many present day Sikhs are there in the world? |
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| How many present day Jews are there in the world? |
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| How many present day Jains are there in the world? |
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| what are the four forms of secularism? |
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| public spheres, individual, social, constitutional. |
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| what is the definition of public spaces? |
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| public spheres of life (economics, politics, education) moved away from explicitly religious principles. |
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| what is the definition of individual? |
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| people turned away from religious belief and practice. |
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| what is the definition of social? |
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| secular alternatives to religious belief seen as increasingly viable. |
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| what is the definition of constitutional? |
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| separation of church and state in countries like the U.S., India and Turkey. |
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| what are the four views on interfaith dialogue? |
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| exclusivism, inclusivism, pluralism, and universalism. |
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| the view that one's belief system is the only valid one |
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| the view that all belief systems can be accommodated in a single system |
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| adherence to one's belief system while appreciating other belief systems, without seeking uniformity and agreement. |
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| development of a connection with all religions while still regarding them as distinct. |
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| what are the possible goals of interfaith dialogue? |
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| agreement, convergence, conversion, understanding, peace, and appreciation of diversity. |
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