Huegonot

Become king after Henry III dies

becomes Catholic but does not forget Huegonts

Created peace and prosperity for France

France begins to colonize Americah

Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella

King of Spain but did not know Spanish (Flemish)

Brought Flemish officials but people rebelled

Learned Spanish and replaced officers

Peace of Ausberg

Tried to convert Spain to Catholicism

Couldnt so gave up throne and became monk

Married Mary Tudor

Inherited Spain at the height of its power

Wanted Europe to be Catholic

Lost many wars and all of Spains money

Cruel and narrow-minded

Alliance between nations

made sure no nation was more powerful

divided up land after every war (ended up causing more wars)

First major European war

German Calvanists wanted religious freedom

German princes wanted power

France was afraid HRE was too powerful

Spain wants Netherlands

Denmark and Bohemia want want land on Baltic Sea

End of HRE

Germany was destroyed

People got religious tolerance

End of Religious warfare

Power comes from God

originated in Middle Ages

No one can challenge him because they are challenging God

English assembly

Power struggle between Parliament and ing

Began to take control of England during the Resoration

Oliver Cromwell's protectorate

Dictatorship

Atheists and Catholics persecutes

High taxes

Nobles lost power

Middle class taxed too much

Lord protector over oligarchic republic

Had House of Lords disbanded

Military dictator

Made his position hereditary

List of rights of citizens of England and duties of Parliament

Geave parliament all the power to rule England

Gauranteed the British people rights

Government with a king/queen as figurehead

Governed by Parliament

Gave paliament all power

Chief advisor-regent to Louis VIII

Believed in absolute monarchy

Created Edict of Grace (anti-Huguenot)

Gained power for France by entering 30 years war

Very involved King of France

Disliked Huguenots

Believed in divine right

Had Complete control

Lost much of France's money in unneccesary wars

Shared throne with older brother (whom he had killed)

First Czar to travel outside Russia

Made radical reforms in Russia

Tried to modernize it

Had absolutism

Pope decides to divide world in half

Spanish claimed Americas and Philippines

Portugal claimed Asia, Africa, and Brazil

People did not let them colonize

Nothing happened

Trade products and raw materials

Fur, sugar, indigo, cotton, and tobacco

Navigation Act-colnies had to trade with England

Corporations

Way to start a company using investments

Lasted longer, had more money, no single owner

Discovered the Americas

From Italy to Spain

thought he was in East Indies

Died thinking he was a failure

Discovered a new world

Gave emperor more power

took power from Daumyos

developed Japan into very good country

No foreigners

Very little contact with Europe

Nicolas Copernicus

wrote On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres

Mathmatician who elt geometric system incorrect

Heliocenric universe (suncentered)

First to make obsercation of the heavens using telescope

Began new age in Astronomy

Discovered mountains on the moon

4 moons around Jupiter

Phases of Venus

Sunspots

Period in Western Europe

reason advocated as primary source for authority

Influenced the whole world

Member of the Enlightenment

intellectuals who believed in reason or application of S.M. to understan life

Absolute rulers who used their powers for good

imporved their countries

ex. Catherine the Great of Russia

Frederick William of Prussia

The aristocratic and bureaucratic system established during Bourbon dynasty

Destroyed by French Revolution

First estate was the clergy

Second nobles

Third commoners

commoners never won because vote was 2:1

3rd estate broke off and started National Assembly

Began by storming of Bastille

Peasants feared death

Revolutionary courts were set up to protect the rev. republic from its internal enemies by conducting mass executions

Consolidation of French and Roman laws

Collection of civil, criminal, & commercial laws

Protection of private porperty

Rights of Indiciduals

"Guilty till proven innocent"

Man had complete control

Centralized government

Dominated French and european history

Lieutenant during French Revolution

Nade commander of French armies in Italy

Controlled intire government

Crowned himself emperor of France

Established Napoleonic Code

Battle where Napoleon was defeated

Upon returning to Paris he was eziled to Elba

Courbon dynasy was restored

Ruled for another 100 days

Exiled to St. Helena

Return to conservatism

Establish a principle of legitamicy

reorganize the European balance of power

Louis XVIII became king of France

Switz. and Kingdom of Sardinia became independent

Sense of being part of a community or a nation

share common institutions

common traditions language history and custroms

King of France

Absolute monarch

No freedom of speech

Censorship

Universal male suffrage

social security

expanded industry

taken by Prussia as a prisoner which ended rule

Prime minister of Kingdom of Sardinia

Strategist

Architect of Italian unification

Wants to create constitutional monarcy w. assembly

In charge of the unification of Italy

Prime Minister of Prussia

brutal and practical

"Blood and Iron"

war and militarism

control of Diet, made laws he wanted

controlled the taxes

very conservative

Louis Napoleon Banaparte taken prisoner by Russia

Ended his reigh

France loses the war

Lost land

Made France very angry

German assumbly made up of upper house

Chosen by lower house (normal people)

Extremely conservative rule

Mad becuase killed his dad

No personal freedom

Russia wasnt modernizing like the rest of the world

Absolute monarch

Secret police

No political parties

No labor Unions

Jews constantly persecuted

Free enterprise

Private ownership

Start a business and get to keep all the money

extreme laissez-faire

does not exist today

Capitalism at its extreme

Government stayed of the of economic affairs

Government owns major industries

No private enterprise and no competition

Everybody shares things

60% of your salary is taxes

Communism

Karl Marx

Profit of every product made goes to the workers

To make this it takes land, labor, and capital

Owner paid for capital and land so should get the money

Anti-Semitism throughout Europe

Brought repressive measures against Jews

Jews wanted to return to their promised land

Major countries conquer undeveloped areas for raw materials

promoted by Socail darwinism nationalism and industrial rev.

Indian soldiers in British army felt disrespected

Rumor- ammunition packets filled with animal fat

Sepoys rebelled

Gain respect and became more westernized

Britain wanted to even trade w. China

Harsh restrictions but strong want for opium

Britain believed in right of individuals

China didnt

Resolved by Treaty of Nanjing

Made ports

Limited tariffs

gave MFN status to Britain

Cecil Rhodes and Paul Kruger

Wanted land for different purposes

British had more power so cut off Boer supplies

Put women and childlren in internment camps

Burned down their farms

Boers surrender

English becomes official language

Created by the US

2 major points

US will not interfere with European affairs

Europe may not colonize in Western Hemisphere

Treaies that were one-sided

Favored one side over antother

ex. most favored nation status

Powerful country that has power over weak country

Political and economical influence

Help weak one modernize

Social, political, and economic revolution for Japan

Fast change

Emperor became real ruler

Government centered around him

Created a new government and stopped Samurai class

New constitution for Japan after intense study of other country's

based mostly of German constitution

Gemro ran everything

Military responsible to emperor

diet made up of upper and lower house

Emperor had a lot of power but didnt know what to do with it

Controlled by Genro

German battle plan in WWII

Attack France and Russia

Go through Belgium to trap France

Though they would be slow to mobilize

Would only last 6 weeks

Plan failed

Outcome of Trench warfare

Trench warfare

2 trenches with no man's land

mustar gas induced fear

No progress

Stalemate occured

Russia overtook Manchuria and influenced Korea

Japan allied with Britain and declared war on Russia

Japan won against the ods

Showed strength, organization and modernization

Japan gained much land and a sense of pride and accomplishment

United State's policy after WWII

USA wouldnt get involved in foreign affairs

Riased tarrifs

Didnt want to be involved

"War Guilt clause"

Europeans wanted to punish Germany for war

Germany was forced to sign

created as a world wide organization to preserve peace

based on collective security not balance of power

not very effective becuase there was no one enforcing it

Many countries withdrew

created by Woodrow Wilson

self determination and people coosing their governments

no more secret diplomacu

Freedom of high seas

removal of international economic barriers

removal of foreign armies from Russia

laborer and peasant "soviets" who faught against upper class

Marzist were lead by lenin

promised peace, land and bread

Bolsheviks won

provisional government was overthrown

Communism began