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from latin "persona" (mask)
an individual's distinct and relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors
scientific study of how we are like all other people, like some other people, and like no other people |
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free association, honesty; talking out symptoms makes them go away; only relieves symptoms temporarily
Freud argued that the patient needs to delve deeper |
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| Freud kinda sucked at it, but believed it had potential |
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| evidence for psychotherapeutic benefits; Freud was a fan |
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psychic energy (libido) is in limited supply
associated with sexual energy |
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| dynamic model of mind: id, ego, superego |
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| conscious (immediate present thoughts), preconscious (areas accessible but not immediately apparent), unconscious (deep, nearly impossible to access) |
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| list of words that might trigger unconscious recollection |
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| traceable to early childhood issues (almost always sexual) |
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-oral (id; age 1; in infancy, tension is associated with the mouth-- sucking thumb, nipple, etc.; associated with weening)
-anal (ego; age 2-3; tension is focused on expulsion of feces; no direct evidence for this; associated with potty training)
-phallic (superego; age 3-5; associated with attraction and anger [oedipus complex]; castration anxiety)
-latency period (period where nothing significant is happening with the libido)
-genital (libido is reactivated because of puberty) |
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| in the unconscious; base human instincts and desires |
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| balances id and superego; serves the id but balances it out with consequences |
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deployed by ego
-reduce anxiety
-consume (limited) energy
-distort reality
-don't address the anxiety's source
-chronic use depletes psychic energy |
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| representative defense mechanisms |
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-repression (actively not thinking about something and not aware of that fact)
-denial
-displacement
-intellectualization
-projection
-rationalization
-reaction formation
-sublimation (only one with a productive result; anxiety associated with conflict is redirected into a productive project) |
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| area of psychopathology referring to the attachment of libido to pregenital erotogenic zones; every time one stage is left, some libido gets left behind (fixated) on that traumatic incident |
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| reverse flow of libido to an earlier stage |
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| talk about anything and everything; when done long enough, the free associations will drift to important topics |
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| avoidance of the important topic; alerts therapist that they are on the right track |
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| transferring feelings about another person to the therapist; sign that the patient trusts the therapist; may also mean an attachment to the therapist, which may be a bad thing |
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| therapist projects emotions onto the patient |
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| what actually happens in the dream |
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| the unconscious, inaccessible aspect of the dream; ego filters this into symbols to reduce trauma |
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| brain "defecation"; random content the brain "cleans out" at the end of the day |
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| meaning creation; not completely random, though does not appear coherent |
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| collective unconscious; archetypes |
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| inferiority/superiority; social interest |
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| interpersonal psychoanalysis |
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| secure model of attachment |
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| positive self image, positive caregiver image |
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| dismissing model of attachment |
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| positive self image, negative caregiver image |
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| preoccupied model of attachment |
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| negative self image, positive caregiver image |
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| fearful model of attachment |
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| negative self image, negative caregiver image |
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| Carl Rogers' Personality Theory |
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your perception of yourself is what's important
Basic human needs: self actualization, positive regard
Responses: unconditional positive regard, conditional positive regard
Result: self actualization, self discrepancies |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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how we feel about our self-worth
Passer & Smith: happier, fewer interpersonal problems, higher achievement, better relationships |
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Leary
self-esteem is impacted by your perception of others' acceptance of you
an index of inclusionary status |
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Swann
seek out people who confirm your beliefs about your self-worth |
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high self-esteem does not lead to better performance
does not predict quality or duration of relationships
neither high nor low self-esteem is a direct cause of violence
has a strong relation to happiness
does not prevent kids from engaging in risky behaviors
efforts to boost self-esteem do not produce improved outcomes |
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| public self-consciousness |
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| high concern for what other people think of you |
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| private self-consciousness |
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| orientation toward own inner standards |
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a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way
assumed to...
-be stable across time
-have consistent effects on behavior across situations
-have a biological...
-not easily observed |
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| Big Five Personality Dimensions |
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openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism (emotional stability) |
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| Mike Rowe or Anthony Bourdain |
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| Ned Flanders (The Simpsons) or Michael Scott (The Office) |
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| Chad Ochocinco or Ellen DeGeneres |
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| Mr. Rogers or Dr. House (-) |
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| Dr. Frasier Crane or Woody Allen |
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| Eysenck's two-dimensional biological model of personality |
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| early biological model of personality |
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Water-- Apathetic -- bodily phlegm
Earth -- Sad -- Black bile
Fire -- Hot-tempered -- ...
Wind -- |
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| more active central nervous system |
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| body and mind; brain and mind are two distinct entities |
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| causal analysis of behavior |
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Skinner
An operation performed upon the organism from without (e.g. water deprivation)
An inner condition (thirst) (irrelevant to causal analysis)
this pisses off a lot of people, because we believe we are free agents
A behavior (drinking water) |
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Skinner; the sum of your behavior = personality
behavior is learned by reinforcements
"blank slate"
evolutionary continuity
there essentially is no personality |
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| nothing in the mind that explains behavior |
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| Bandura's social-cognitive theory |
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personality = learned behaviors and cognitions
learning via observation of models (exposure, acquisition, performance)
reciprocal determinism (personality emerges from the mutual interactions of individuals (cognitions), their actions (behavior), and their environments)
Locus of control
Modeling
Self-efficacy |
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| Rotter; the expectancy that life outcomes are controlled mainly by internal or external factors |
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| Bandura; social-learning process by which behavior is observed and imitated |
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Bandura; the belief that one is capable of performing the behaviors required to produce a desired outcome
if past experiences have gone well; observed others' success; emotionally aroused; and verbally persuaded |
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| cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) |
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Mischel and Shoda
encodings and personal constructs (how we interpret situations)
expectancies and beliefs (if-then links between behaviors and outcomes)
goals and values (what's important to us)
affects (emotions; a stable individual difference between persons)
competencies and self-regulatory processes (self-control/self-reinforcement of behavior) |
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personality is stable and environment is malleable
self-enhancement through personal success |
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environment is fixed and individual is changeable, needing to "fit in"
self-enhancement through group success |
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| Woodworth Personal Data Sheet |
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self-report personality measure
used in military; mark off how many you experienced in the past 2 weeks
susceptible to faking |
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| NEO Personality Inventory |
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self-report personality measure
"normal" personality scale
rational-theoretical approach
about 240 items |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
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self-report personality measure
diagnostic personality scale
empirical approach
most popular
detects and prevents fakers
prevention-- empirical scoring; based not on content, but group differentiation
detection-- validity scales; L (fake good) "at times I feel like swearing" (keyed false); F (fake bad) "evil spirits possess me at times (keyed true); K (Correction) defensive responding |
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| hypothesis: ambiguous stimuli, open-ended response, projection of personality dynamics |
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projective test
Rorschach and Holtzman |
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projective test
Thematic Apperception Test
Children's/Senior Apperception |
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| sentence completion tests |
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projective test
Washington University SCT |
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projective test
draw-a-person
house-tree-person |
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location: part of blot used; the more of the blot you use, the better adjusted you are
determinants: elements that determine what the assessee sees; incorporation of color, movement, etc.
content category of the response: human is positive, etc.
popularity: 1 in 3 "normal" records
form: fit of percept to blot |
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| Thematic Apperception Test |
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person is asked to tell a story about the picture
stories are analyzed for recurrent, need-relevant themes
it is assumed that the story's "hero" represents the storyteller |
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| Washington University Sentence-Completion Test |
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projective test
My main problem is...
When people are helpless...
I am... |
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healthy people draw accessible doors and level windows
house = self, tree = , person = |
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