Term
| Our genetic code is made up of DNA and are expressed in the phenotype as a __________. |
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Definition
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| What are the four characteristics of our DNA? |
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Definition
| Universal, unambiguous, redundant, non-overlapping & commaless |
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| The genetic code consists of bases, these bases comprise _________. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A (adenine), T (thymine), C (cytosine), and G (guanine) |
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| Since there are four bases, there are ____ possible codons |
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Definition
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| DNA molecule is a double-helix- __________ _________. |
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Definition
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| Meselson and Stahl experiment showed replication of DNA to be ________________. |
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Definition
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| ___________ unwinds the strand. |
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Definition
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| _____________ ___________ sets up for the RNA primer |
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Definition
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| _______ ___________ _________adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the RNA primer and elongates the DNA strand |
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Definition
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_________ __________ ___ removes the old RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
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| ________ _________ catalyzes the formation of the phosphodiester bond linking the Okazaki fragments |
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Definition
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| ___________ __________ action causes the newly forming leading strandto grow in the 5’-to-3’ direction |
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Definition
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| ________ uses DNA polymerases to repeatedly replicate DNA in the test tube. |
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Definition
| PCR (polymerase chain reaction) |
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Term
RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways:
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Definition
1)it is single-stranded
2) its sugar molecule is ribose rather than deoxyribose
3) its fourth base is uracil rather than thymine |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA is the message or direction on how to make a protein |
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Definition
| tRNA it matches up amino acids with the RNA message |
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Definition
| rRNA used to bind the mRNA message |
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Term
| recognition sequence: one or two recognition sequences of 50 - 70bp form what? |
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Definition
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Term
| TATA box (rich in thymine & adinine): ___ base pairs upstream from the_____ ______ for transcription |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ __________ _________ ___ needs transcription factors to initiate transcription |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II |
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Term
| The protein ______ binds to the TATA box |
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Definition
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Term
| Finally _____ ______________ ____ binds to the site |
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Definition
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| _____ is transcribed from the DNA template after the ________ __ ____ are exposed by unwinding of the double helix. |
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Definition
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| RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand from __ to __ and produces the RNA transcript from __ to __. |
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Definition
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Nucleotides are added at the __ end of the growing RNA
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Definition
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Term
| One mRNA codon _____ indicates the starting point of translation, also codes for _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three stop codons indicate the end of _________. |
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Definition
| translation - UAA, UAG and UGA |
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Term
| The other 60 codons code only for __________ ________ _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ binds the correct amino acid; has an _______ complementary to the mRNA codon. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____________, a family of activating enzymes, attach specific amino acids to their appropriate tRNA’s, forming ________ tRNA’s. |
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Definition
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases; charged |
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Term
The ribosome is composed of two units:
large subunit that consists of _____ different molecules of rRNA and ___ different ________ ________ .
small subunit of one ___ ________ and ___ different protein molecules |
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Definition
| 3; 45; protein molecules;rRNA molecule; 33 |
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Term
| An initiation complex consisting of an _______ _________ __________ _________ and a small ribosomal subunit bound to mRNA triggers the beginning of ____________. |
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Definition
| amino acid-charged tRNA; translation |
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Term
| On the large subunit of the ribosome there are ___ sites to which tRNA binds. |
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Definition
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Term
| T (transfer) site: where ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A (amino acid) site is where the tRNA anticodon binds to ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
P (polypeptide) site is where the tRNA __________.
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Definition
| adds its amino acid to the growing poly peptide chain |
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Term
| E (exit) site is where tRNA, without its ______ _______, resides before leaving the________ and going back to the cytosol to pick up another ________ _________. |
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Definition
| amino acid; ribosome; amino acid |
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Term
| Polypeptides grow from the __ terminus toward the __ terminus. The ribosome moves along the mRNA ___ codon at a time. |
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Definition
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| The presence of a _____ ______ in the __ site of the ribosome causes translation to terminate |
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Definition
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Term
| Signals contained in the amino acid sequences of proteins direct them to___________ ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Modifications of proteins after translation include: |
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Definition
| proteolysis, glycosylation, and phosphorylation. |
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Term
| Cells must regulate how they synthesize molecules to suit their: |
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Definition
| condition, environment, and needs |
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Term
cells can control synthesis activity by
___________ or controlling the production
of _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| cells can control synthesis activity by blocking __________ of the gene that codes for a protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| cells can control synthesis activity by _______ the ______ after it is made. |
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Definition
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Term
| cells can control synthesis activity by ________ __________ of mRNA at the ribosome. |
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Definition
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Term
| cells can control synthesis activity by __________ the protein after it was made |
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Definition
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Term
| Point mutations result from alterations in______ ________ ________ of DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of point mutation? |
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Definition
| silent, missense, nonsense, or frame-shift |
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Term
Chromosomal mutations involve _______ regions of a chromosome.
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of chromosomal mutations> |
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Definition
| deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations |
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Term
| Point mutations result from the _______ or _______ of one base for another in the DNA and as a result in the RNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Some result in no change in amino acid because of the redundancy of the genetic code= |
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Definition
| silent or synonymous mutation |
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Term
| A ____________ mutation results in an amino acid change |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ mutation results in no protein being made at all, they are disruptive. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ mutation results in no protein being made at all, they are disruptive. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _________-__________ mutation, is when single base pairs may be inserted or deleted from DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ remove part of the genetic material |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ mutations are homologous chromosomes brake at different positions and then reconnect to the wrong partners |
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Definition
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| _________ mutations are removal of a segment and its reinsertion into the same location but flipped. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ mutation is when a segment of DNA breaks off and is inserted into a different chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
| Spontaneous mutations occur because of instabilities in ______ or _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Induced mutations occur when an ________ __________ damages ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some of these non-transcribed regions are ________, such as the telomeres; some regulate ______ ________; and some have no known use. |
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Definition
| structural; gene expression |
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Term
| ____________ are 5-50bps are repeated side by side up to a million times. |
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Definition
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Term
________ are 12-100 bps long & are repeated several thousand times. Can be used as ______ _______ for identifying an individual because their numbers can vary
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Definition
| Minisatellites; genetic markers |
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Term
| __________ are 1-5bps present in small clusters 10-50 copies. These have been used in sequencing the human genome |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ are repetitive sequences at the ends of chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosome _________ occurs after each round of replication. This leads to ____ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The enzyme_____________ prevents the loss of telomeric ends |
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Definition
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Term
| A ___ _______ is added to the 5’ end. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _______ __ _______ is added to the 3’ end |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ _____________ particle binds at the 5’ splice site and a second binds near the 3’ splice site |
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Definition
| Small ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle |
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Term
| ____________ elements move about the genome |
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Definition
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Term
| a _____________ consists of two transposable elements flanking another gene or genes. The entire transposon is copied and inserted as a unit. |
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Definition
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Term
| If the insertion takes place in a somatic cell, _________ may result |
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Definition
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Term
| If a transposon replicates not just itself but also an adjacent gene, the result may be _____ _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Transposons can result in: |
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Definition
| cancer cells, gene duplication, genetic variability, new genes |
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Term
| ___________ _______ are instructions that specify the primary structures of a protein molecule (those that get transcribed into mRNA) |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are units of transcription; structural genes plus regulatory mechanisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ regions bind activator proteins that stimulate the transcription complex (promoter then binds RNA polymerase & transcription starts) |
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Definition
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Term
_________ -when attached to an operon, transcription shuts down
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Definition
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Term
__________ are negative regulatory regions; turn off transcription by binding to repressor
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ blocks RNA polymerase from binding & transcribing the structural genes, preventing synthesis of tryptophan pathway enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
When glucose levels are high:
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Definition
1. RNA polymerase cannot bind efficiently
2. Structural genes are not transcribed. This is adaptive when the cell does not require an alternative energy source |
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