Term
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Definition
| all biochemical events that occur in animals in order to sustain life |
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Term
| What is anabolic metabolism? |
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Definition
| reactions in which smaller molecules generate larger molecules (building up) |
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Term
| What is catabolic metabolism? |
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Definition
| the break down of molecules --> larger being broken down into smaller molecules |
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Term
| What is cellular (internal) respiration? |
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Definition
| collection of catabolic events which are involved in the breakdown of food products within cells, which are utilized to acquire the production of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of energy containing nutrients, starting with digestion then passing to the blood, then to the tissue; in the cells of the tissue, the nutrients are then metabolized either anabolically or catabolically; the remainder of the molecules are broken down in the mitochondria into ATP |
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Term
| What are some specific types of reactions? |
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Definition
-oxidation-reduction
-substrate phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| the gain of O2 or loss of H atoms (loss of electrons) |
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of O2 or gain of H atoms (loss of electrons) |
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Term
| What is an energy transfer? |
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Definition
| energy is lost in a substance that is oxidized and it is gained by a substance that is reduced |
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Term
| What are some redox enzymes? |
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Definition
| dehydrogenases and oxidases |
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Term
| What are some cofactors of redox reactions? |
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Definition
-NAD+ --> nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
-FAD+ --> flavin adenine dinucleotide |
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Term
| What are cofactors responsible for in redox reactions? |
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Definition
| involved in transferring energy from one compound to another |
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Term
| What is substrate phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| direct enzymatic phosphorylation of a substrate; typically forms ATP |
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Term
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| another way to phosphorylate something to make ATP; happens in the mitochondrion |
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Term
| What are mechanisms of ATP synthesis? |
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Definition
-anaerobic respiration
-aerobic respiration |
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Term
| What are characteristics of anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
-stored ATP in myosin head
-creatine kinase
-glycolysis |
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Term
| What happens during glycolysis? |
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Definition
glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm and yields:
2 pyruvates
net of 2 ATP
2 NADH+H+ |
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Term
| What are the three phases of glycolysis? |
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Definition
1. sugar activation
2. sugar cleavage
3. oxidation and ATP formation |
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Term
| What happens during the sugar activation phase of glycolysis? |
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Definition
-2 ATP are invested to activate glucose
-convert glucose to fructose and phosphorylate |
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Term
| What happens during the sugar cleavage phase of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| -fructose is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules |
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Term
| What happens during the oxidation and ATP formation phase of glycolysis? |
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Definition
-each 3-carbon molecule is oxidized
-H atoms transferred to NAD to make NADH+H+
-4 ADP are phosphorylated to make ATP |
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Term
| What are the products of glycolysis? |
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Definition
-2 pyryuvates
-2 ATP
-2 NADH+H+ |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| happens in the mitochondria; 3 processes |
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Term
| What are the three processes of aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
1.conversion of pyruvate to acetyl co-enzyme
A
2. Kreb's Cycle
3. electron transport chain |
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Term
| What happens in the process of conversion of pyruvate? |
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Definition
| the 3-carbon pyruvate is converted to the 2-carbon acetyl CoA and CO2 is released |
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Term
| What happens in the process of the Krebs Cycle? |
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Definition
-acetyl CoA is broken down to yield:
3 NADH+H+ (x2)
1 FADH2 (x2)
1 ATP (x2) |
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Term
| What happens in the process of the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
-energy is extracted from reduced compounds and ATP is synthesized
-H is removed from NADH+H+ & FADH2 and split into e- and H+
-electron is passed down chain and energy from this is used to pump protons into the intermembranous space, creating a concentration gradient
-ATP synthase uses energy from diffusion to synthesize ATP
-electrons picked up by O2 at end to form water |
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Term
| What are the products of the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much ATP is produced through cell respiration? |
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Definition
32 total
-2 from glycolysis
-2 from Kreb's Cycle
-28 from ETC |
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Term
| What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic? |
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Definition
| aerobic requires oxygen and anaerobic does not |
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Term
| What is the anaerobic threshold? |
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Definition
| during heavy exercise. there is an increase in blood lactate that is seen |
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Term
| Why is there an increase in blood lactate during heavy exercise? |
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Definition
| the enzymes of the Krebs and ETC are collectively slower than glycolysis enzymes, therefore there is a buildup of lactate |
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Term
| What is the definition of fatigue? |
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Definition
| physiological inability to contract the skeletal muscle |
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Term
| What are causes of fatigue? |
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Definition
-ATP production fails to keep pace with usage
-psychological factors
-pH changes -> less efficient enzymes
-neurological transmission of AP
-ionic imbalance
-mitochondrial function |
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Term
| What is the purpose of excessive postexercise O2 consumption (panting)? |
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Definition
| the replenishment of oxygen reserves, glycogen stores, and ATP re-synthesis |
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Term
| About how much of the ATP bond energy is used to make kinetic energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the remainder of ATP bond energy used as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are fuel sources for ATP production? |
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Definition
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-fuel interconversion |
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Term
| How is carbohydrate used to make ATP? |
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Definition
| glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glucogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| making glycogen from glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of glycogen to extract glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| makes glucose from other sources (amino acids) |
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Term
| How are lipids used for fuel? |
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Definition
| products of breakdown can be fed into the Krebs cycle, glycolysis pathways, and energy is extracted |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the break down of lipids to use for energy |
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Term
| How are proteins used for fuel? |
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Definition
| the oxidation of amino acids and protein synthesis |
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Term
| Is the use of protein for fuel good? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is fuel interconversion? |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins can be used as fuel for ATP production |
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