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Week 6
Immunology
82
Biology
Graduate
09/19/2008

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Term
What are the two components of blood and what are their constituents?
Definition
Plasma consisting of dissolved nutrients, albumin, Ig, blood clotting factors; and, cellular consisting of RBC, WBC, and platelets.
Term
What is blood serum?
Definition
Plasma with clotting factors removed
Term
What is the usefulness of testing blood plasma or serum?
Definition
To check organ function or find evidence of cellular destruction
Term
List 3 major features of RBC.
Definition
Major function is O2 and CO2 transport by Hgb, cells are dead end (no nucleus, mitochon, division, protein synthesis), minimal metabolism, bi-concave for shape deformation, 120 circulation then cleared by macrophages in spleen
Term
What are the 3 components of hemoglobin?
Definition
4 Globin chains(2alpha/beta), 4 heme poryphyrin rings, and 4 irons (to bind 4 O2 molecules)
Term
Explain the binding affinities of O2 for hemoglobin.
Definition
The higher the partial pressure of O2(lungs) more binding occurs, less pressure less affinity (tissues)
Term
What are the indexes for men and women in RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit?
Definition
4.4-6, 4.2-5.5; 14-18, 12-16; 40-54, 37-47
Term
When the RBC is degraded what happens to the poryphyrin ring and what happens when there is an excessive breakdown of RBC’s(hemeolysis)?
Definition
Poryphyrin is broken down to bilirubin in spleen, excreted into bile from liver; excessive bilirubin can build up in blood causing jaundice
Term
What is a normal WBC count?
Definition
5,000-10,000
Term
What are the 5 types of WBCs aka leukocytes?
Definition
Neutrophils (polymorphomuclear PMN), Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocyte (Tcell/Bcell), Monocyte (Dendritic cells/Macrophages)
Term
What 3 types of cells are called granulocytes and why?
Definition
Neutro/Baso/Eosinophils because they release cytoplasmic granules
Term
What is the function of Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils?
Definition
Phago bacteria and secrete anti-microbials; phagocytic, secrete histamine, and anti-parasitic; release inflammatory mediators in allergic response
Term
What is hematopoiesis?
Definition
Blood cell formation
Term
What are the 2 important blood cell lineages and what distinguishes them?
Definition
Lymphoid (lymphocytes) are long lived, and myeloid (all other blood cells) are short lived
Term
True or False: A maturing erythrocyte is called a reticulocyte, stains more and more pink as Hgb is made, matures in 1-2 days, loses nucleus and organlles.
Definition
True.
Term
True or Flase: a maturing PMN is in “band” form, develops granules, nucleus becomes segmented, can be seen in circulation is high demand for PMNs, last 5-7 hours when mature.
Definition
True
Term
All myeloid cells are terminally differentiated when released into circulation except…?
Definition
Monocytes, they go to tissues to differentiate and turn on adaptive immune system
Term
True or False: Platelets have a nuleus, have granules of clotting factors, last 10-12 days, and come from cytoplasm of megakaryocytes.
Definition
True, except they have no nucleus.
Term
What is cytopenia and therefore anemia, neutropenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia?
Definition
Too few cells due to production or destruction; low RBC, neutros, lymphos, platelets, all cells.
Term
What is cytosis/cytophilia?
Definition
Too many cells
Term
What is the difference between Primary and Secondary cytosis/cytophilia?
Definition
Primary is uncontrolled production with no stimulus that is either proliferative or neoplastic(leukemia); Secondary is normal response to stimulus
Term
What is the difference in location of hematopoiesis in adults versus growing embryo/fetus?
Definition
Adults all blood cells in marrow (less with age due to fat deposition), embryo in yolk sac, fetus in liver/spleen/marrow by 11 weeks and marrow is primary site at 24 weeks
Term
Where are these growth factors made and what do they do to pluripotent stem cells: Erythropoietin, G-CSF/GM-CSF, Thrombopoietin?
Definition
Kidney for RBCs, bone marrow stroma for granulo/monocytes, many tissues for megakaryocytes
Term
Define inflammation.
Definition
A reaction of tissues to injurious agents whereby fluid, WBC, and other blood elements accumulate at the site of injury
Term
What is the difference between lectin, selectin, integrins?
Definition
Lectins are proteins that specifically bind to a sugar group, selectins are cell adhesion molecules the bind to sugar, integrins are dimeric receptors and cell adhesion molecules
Term
What is exudate?
Definition
Transudate fluid with higher protein content that that flows from the circulatory system to the site of inflammation
Term
On the microscopic scale, what is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Definition
In chronic inflammation there is an accumulation of mononuclear cells and fibroblasts called granulomas, angiogenesis, fibrosis
Term
What are the 5 steps of an acute inflammation reaction of blood vessels?
Definition
Brief vasoconstriction of arterioles; vasodilation due to prostaglandin, endothelium relaing factor, and NO stimulated by stuff from mast cells; mast cells cause endothelial tight junctions to leak letting fluid out of venules; adherence of WBCs to endothelium due to signal molecules; WBCs exudates and move to inflammatory site via chemotaxis
Term
What are the 3 steps involved in the interactions of leukocytes and endothelium in an acute inflammatory response?
Definition
Weak adhesion of cells and endothelium due to selectins, strong adhesion of integrins, selective adhesion of each WBC depending on stimulus; all steps regulated by amount of inflammatory mediators present which affect affinity and receptors
Term
What is the difference between a cytokine and a chemokine?
Definition
Cytos are any hormone secreted by immune system, chemos are ctyos that also are chemotactic
Term
What is the acute phase reaction?
Definition
The change in protein composition of plasma during inflammation
Term
What is respiratory burst?
Definition
The increase in O2 consumption by phagos that make the oxygen into microbicides
Term
True or False: These are all chemoattractant factors released by inflammatory cells and endothelium - interleukin-8 (IL8), monocyte chemo peptide (MCP), leukotriene (B4), platelet activating factor (PAF)
Definition
true
Term
True or False: High concentrations of chemotactic factors inhibit activated state of phagos, increasing receptors, releasing secretory granules, and generate ROS.
Definition
False, they induce activated state
Term
True or False: These are the least common phagocytic receptors - Fc, C3b, C3bi, sugar recognizers
Definition
False, these are most common
Term
Elaborate on phagocytosis when a phago receptor is stimulated.
Definition
Phago receptors stim the cytoskeleton, membrane extension occurs and engulfs pathogen, creates phagosome inside cell, this induces the fusion of granules to phagosome, activation of NADPH oxidase
Term
What is CGD, chronic granulomatous disease?
Definition
Genetic absence of respiratory burst in phagos
Term
In regards to neutrophils, what do their primary and secondary granules contain?
Definition
Phagocytic granules that work in the cell, secretory granules like lactoferrin and antimicrobial peptides that work outside the cell
Term
List the key features of a virus.
Definition
Made of either RNA or DNA, contain a capsid shell, some have membrane envelope around capsid, viral proteins bind to cell receptors, completely dependent on host for energy/protein synthesis/replication
Term
Define an obligate intracellular parasite.
Definition
A parasite, like viruses, that can only exist as a parasite, not an independent entity. They cannot generate energy, they do not have ribosomes or membranes with ionic potential.
Term
Which of the following are eukaryote pathogens: fungi, yeast, molds, unicellular parasites (protozoans), multicellular parasites (worms)?
Definition
All are eukaryotic
Term
Bacteria are unicellular, with no nucleus, one chromosome, and have a 70S ribosome: is it eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Definition
Prokaryotic
Term
What are the 3 components of immune response?
Definition
Innate immunity, adaptive immunity, immunological memory (part of adaptive)
Term
Define innate immunity.
Definition
The fast, non-specific gene encoded response to general classes of pathogens; molecules on the pathogen called PAMP (pathogen associated molecular pattern) activate Toll-like receptors in body, which then secrete cytokines which induce an immune response and inflammation.
Term
Define adaptive immunity.
Definition
A highly specific process that takes 3 days to start and 5-7 days to be operational, which is composed of activated T-cells and B cell antibody production.
Term
What is immunological memory?
Definition
The part of adaptive immunity involving a rapid response to specific pathogens previously encountered due to endogenous antibodies.
Term
What is the difference between our bodies adaptive response to extracellular pathogens versus intracellular?
Definition
Extra-paths, like bacteria, are neutralized by antibodies and complements; intra-paths, like fungi and viruses, are killed by CD4 Th1 cells that upregulate intra-cell toxins and CD8 cytotoxic cells, respectively.
Term
What is a protease cascade?
Definition
One protease activates many molecules of proteases by cleaving inhibitory fragments.
Term
In the complement system there are 3 pathways, what are they and how are they induced?
Definition
Classical by antibody-anitgen complexes, alternative by contact with microbes, and lectin by contact with microbial sugars.
Term
True or False: the three sensor proteins for the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways of the complement system are - C1q, C3, and MBP (mannose binding protein).
Definition
True
Term
In the complement system the three pathways all come together in which series of steps?
Definition
C3->C5->C6-C9->C5b-C9 attack complex, these also induce other bioactive fragments
Term
The complement system creates opsonins (C3b) and anaphylotoxins (C3a/C5a), what are they?
Definition
Opsonins bind to microbial surfaces and neutrophil receptors to induce phagocytosis; anaphylotoxins are chemotactic, increase vascular permeability, and release histamine from mast cells
Term
Which protease inhibitors is used to confine the effects of complement, kinins, and neutrophil proteases to inflamed sites: a1-antitrypsin or a2-macroglobulin?
Definition
Both
Term
Name the test useful in determining the course of chronic inflammatory disease by measuring the rate at which red blood cells settle from blood that have been treated to prevent clotting.
Definition
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, if there is inflammation the sediment will occur faster due to fibrinogen and immunoglobins.
Term
What does the C-reactive protein do in the complement system?
Definition
Activates complement on bacterial surfaces, useful marker for inflammation
Term
Which major organ produces acute phase proteins in response to cytokines IL-1, TNF-a, IL-6?
Definition
Liver, they induce fever and neutrophilia
Term
List the steps in the Kinin system, which causes vasodilation, edema, and pain.
Definition
Vascular Injury/Bacteria->Hageman factor(factor XII)->preKallikrein->Kinnogen->bradykinin
Term
Among lipid mediators, what is the difference between an autocoid and an eicosanoids?
Definition
Autacoids are rapidly, locally synthesized chemicals that degrade quickly, whereas eicosanoids are an arachidonic acid derived group of autacoids.
Term
What enzyme removes arachidonic acid from membranes?
Definition
A2 phospholipases, which are the rate limiting step in eicosanoid synthesis
Term
What are the 2 major groups of eicosanoids and which enzyme creates them from arachidonic acid?
Definition
Leukotrienes from LOX, and Prostanoids (prostaglandin, prostacyclin, thromboxane) from COX
Term
The end product of the LOX and COX enzymes depend on what?
Definition
The terminal synthase which is cell dependent
Term
All NSAIDS exert their effects by blocking which enzyme COX-1 (constitutive in cells) or COX-2 (inducible by stimuli/cytokines)?
Definition
Both
Term
Coxib drugs are able to effectively block inflammation but seem to tip the cardiovascular balance towards which direction: pro or antithrombotic?
Definition
Prothrombotic, because they block COX2 selectively
Term
What is the major roles played by leukotrienes versus prostanoids?
Definition
Luekotrienes play a large role in chemotaxis, vasoconstriction, vasopermeability (released from mast cells/eosin/basophils); prostanoids are used in normal physiological functions as well as vasodilation, pain, edema( but thromboxane creates vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation)
Term
What is the function of NO and how is it stimulated?
Definition
Bradykinin or histamines (directly act as vasoconstrictors) act on endothelial cells in blood vessels releasing NO, causing smooth muscle relaxation.
Term
Where are the similarities and differences between the serotonin and histamine?
Definition
They both induce inflammation and vasodilation via NO, but histamine is stored in mast cells and serotonin is released from platelets
Term
What is the function of neuropeptides like Substance P?
Definition
They are released from nerve endings to regulate inflammation, induce vasodilation and permeability, and release histamines from mast cells
Term
What structural feature between bacteria determines whether or not they stain Gram + or Gram - ?
Definition
The positive (blue) bacteria have peptidoglycan cell wall and negative (pink) have lipopolysaccharide LPS outer membrane
Term
What is an endotoxin?
Definition
A component of gram negative bacteria’s lipopolysaccharide layer that induces fever, malaise, vasodilation, inflammation
Term
In regards to innate immune response, can all of the following initiate and inflammation/immune response: flagellin, LPS, Double-stranded RNA, Unmethylated CpG, peptidoglycan, lipopeptides.
Definition
Yes, all of them
Term
How are LPS and other signals from pathogens recognized?
Definition
Toll-like receptors, Complement mannose binding lectin, peptidoglycan recognition protein
Term
List a few settings where chronic inflammation sets in when the acute inflammation fails.
Definition
Pathogen is resistant to acute phase reaction, pathogen lives inside macrophages, autoimmune diseases, weakened acute inflammatory response
Term
What is the role of interferon-gamma in the acute response?
Definition
It is released by lymphocytes to activate macrophages (TNF-a also activates macros)
Term
Which of these are morphologic patterns of acute and chronic inflammation: Serous fluid build-up(blister), Fibrinous deposition, Purulent/Supprative disruption, Ulcerated epithelial tissue.
Definition
All are patterns
Term
What is a granuloma and what is a common disease that forms them?
Definition
Chronic inflammatory response to stimulus causing an aggregate of epithelioid macrophages and lymphocytes around indigestible material; seen in tuberculosis with a necrotic center (caseating center)
Term
[image]
Definition
basophil
Term
[image]
Definition
neutrophil
Term
[image]
Definition
monocyte and lymphocyte
Term
[image]
Definition
eosinophil
Term
What is the difference between enveloped and non-enveloped viruses?
Definition
Enveloped are less stable and tend to be transmitted host to host, non-enveloped are more environmentally stable and tend to be transmitted by the fecal oral route.
Term
Which of these are the acute phase proteins released by the liver: complement proteins, c-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, a-1-antitrypsin, a-2-macroglobulin, coagulation factors.
Definition
all of them are released.
Term
what is the function of albumin?
Definition
maintain osmotic pressure
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