Term
| Body water contains what? |
|
Definition
Solutes ie. Na+
Solvent ie. water that solute dissolves in Electrolytes, Cations, Anions |
|
|
Term
| Calculating Drip Rate for adults should be done with which drip set? |
|
Definition
| 10 gtt/ml, 15gtt/ml, 20gtt/ml |
|
|
Term
| Calculating Drip Rate for pediatrics should be done with which drip set? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sodium-based electrolyte solutions; Glucose in water; Similar to plasma (body) fluid; Can be isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic |
|
|
Term
| Crystaloids isotonic are? |
|
Definition
| Same as fluid component of blood and extracellular water; No change in osmolality of blood |
|
|
Term
| Crystaloids tonicity are? |
|
Definition
| Measurement of osmolality; Amount of solutes to attract water, causing osmosis, Usually Na+ and glucose |
|
|
Term
| Examples of natural colloids are? |
|
Definition
| Plasma, albumin, and whole blood (transfusions) |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
|
Definition
| intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid together; 1/3 remaining found in ECF found in plasma and between cells |
|
|
Term
| Fluid Overload means what? |
|
Definition
| More fluid given to a patient than the body can eliminate; Watch for dyspnea, tachypnea, fluid in the SQ space, or Wt. gain |
|
|
Term
| Fluid balance depends on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Giving fluids orally is done how? |
|
Definition
| short term illness, sm. animals, and neonates Given by tube, syringe, bottle, nasogastric tube, or gastrostomy; May have aspiration, vomiting, and this route is slower to be absorbed than other methods. Exs. Hydrolyte®, Oralite®, Re-Sorb®, and diluted Pedi-lite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher osmolality of blood; Causes RBC to shrink; Fluid may shift into the intravascular space w/out causing changes to RBC if in proper concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potassium deficiency (Low K intake over time, or loss through GI or urine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sodium deficiency (Low Na intake or excessive loss through urine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower osmolality of blood; May cause RBC swelling |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
|
Definition
| fluid within the cell; 2/3 fluid in body is ICF |
|
|
Term
| Isotonic fluids contains what? |
|
Definition
0.9% NaCl
Isotonic saline; Normal saline (NS); Physiologic saline soln. (PSS); Lactated Ringer’s soln. (LRS); Exs. Normosol® and Plasmalyte® |
|
|
Term
| Synthetic Colloid Dextran is? |
|
Definition
| Lg polysaccharides from sugar beets; Come in 2 concentrations (40 and 70); May produce allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
| Synthetic Colloid Hemoglobin glutamer-200 (Oxyglobin®) is? |
|
Definition
| Purified polymerized bovine hemoglobin; Distributes O2 via plasma rather than RBCs; Causes vasoconstriction=increased BP |
|
|
Term
Synthetic Colloid Hetastarch (Hespan®)
is? |
|
Definition
| Hydroxyethyl starch in normal saline; Fewer side effects than dextran |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluids with large molecules; Caused fluid to move into the vascular space, Increases osmotic pressure, Large molecules will not readily leave circulation |
|
|
Term
| What is Hypertonic Soln.? |
|
Definition
| Have high Na+ concentrations; 0.9% Na+ with 5% Dextrose, 3% normal saline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Less Na than blood; 5% dextrose in water (D5W)(For patients with hypernatremia or can not tolerate Na); 0.45% Saline |
|
|
Term
| What is Isotonic saline chemical compound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Lactated Ringer’s soln. (LRS) chemical compound? |
|
Definition
| saline <0.9% sodium w/ lactate soln. w/ electrolytes added |
|
|
Term
| What is Lactated ringers solution never used for? |
|
Definition
| Liver failure pts or with blood products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to Normosol but has gluconate. Never SQ! |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical compound for Normosol®? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used for moderately to severely dehydrated animals, and hypovolemic animals; Need an IV catheter placed aseptically; Watch for fluid overload!!
Watch for perivascular swelling/edema
Use aseptic technique at all times; Animal must be hospitalized |
|
|
Term
| When giving Intraosseous (IO) Fluids? |
|
Definition
| Used in small animals, birds, and pocket pets (other animals should only be used as a last resort); Fluids go directly into the bone marrow; ASEPTIC!!! Exs. Femur (trochanteric fossa), Humorous (greater tubercle), Bone infection, avoid growth plates |
|
|
Term
| When giving fluids Intraperitoneal (IP)? |
|
Definition
| Useful if IV access is not available; Isotonic fluids; Use 16-20g needle; Aseptic technique; Just lateral to midline, between the umbilicus and pelvis; Rare don't hit any organs |
|
|
Term
| When giving fluids Rectally (PR)? |
|
Definition
| Used in young animals (a few weeks old)Not if animal has diarrhea; Great electrolyte absorption, but difficult to keep fluids in |
|
|
Term
| When giving fluids to larger animals the weight can increase by more than how much in lbs.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When giving fluids to small animals the weight should only increase by how much in lbs.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When giving subcutaneous (SQ) fluids? |
|
Definition
For mild to moderate dehydration; Not for large amounts of fluids, 5-10mls/lb
Isotonic fluids only, NO ADDITIVES!!; 18 or 20g needles are acceptable; Use flank or between scapulae; Absorbed in 6-8hr; only give where there is a lot of skin collected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A responce mechanism that serves to maintain a state of internal constancy. Most common form of regulation in endocrine system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A responce mechanism that results in the amplification of an initial change. Results in avalanche-like effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These hormones regulate growth & proper functioning of thyroid, gonads, & various endocrine glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood glucose is regulated in a naqrrow range by; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responds to a rise in BG levels by using glucose for energy in cells and storage of glucose in liver as glucagon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases BG levels by promoting the breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carb, protein, & fat metabolism caused by lack of or insufficient use of insulin in animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Raised blood glucose, glucouria, PU/ PD, and weight loss are signs of: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to initialy treat DKA & control BG until animal is stabalized. Duration of action is about 1/2 hr to 2 hr. |
|
|
Term
| Intermediate-acting insulin |
|
Definition
| Used to control BG in uncomplicated cases of Diabetes Mellitus. Duration of action in dogs is 6-24 hrs and cats, 4-10 hr. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Poorly absorbed from the tissue, therefore it maintains a long-lasting BG level. Duration of action in dogs is 6-28hr, and cats, 6-24 hr.
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animals growth & reproduction are regulated by hormones produced in the: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Affect many metabolic, growth, reproductive, & immune functions. Help regulate fat & carbohydrate metabolism. Help regulate heat production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dull coat, symmetrical hair loss, weight gain w/o increase in appetite, listlessness, intolerance to cold, reproductive failure, and skin more susceptable to dermatitis and pyoderma etc are signs of: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This disease is diagnosed through blood work, measuring T4, T3, & TSH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually seen in cats, signs of this disease include PU/PD, weight loss, voracious appetite, tachycardia,vocalization, and restlessness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the principle mineralcorticoid which acts to conserve Na+ ions &H20. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This disease is caused by too little hormones produced. Progressive condition associated with adrenal atrophy usually caused by immune mediated inflammation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This disease is caused by adrenal tumors, pituitary tumors, or long-term administration of corticosteroids. |
|
|
Term
| Proestrus-->Estrus--> Metestrus--> Diestrus--> Anestrus |
|
Definition
| Name the Estrous cycle in order of what happens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When graafian follicle present with estrogen, the predominent hormone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where ova are produced in the ovary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When corpus luteum is present with progesterone the predominent hormone. |
|
|
Term
GnRH
(gonadatropin-releasing hormone) |
|
Definition
| The hypothalmus releases this in responce to stimuli such as daylight length & feedback mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
FSH
(follicle stimulating hormone) |
|
Definition
| This causes growth & maturation of ovarian follicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This causes ovulation of mature follicles & formation of corpus luteum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This breaks down the CL at the end of pregnancy & at the end of diestrus in non-pregnant animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Male sex hormones produced in testes, ovaries, & adrenal cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This hormone is used in vet medicine to treat infertility & hypogonadism. It is a C-III controlled substance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Side effects of using this hormone include; perianal tumors, prostatic disorders, & behavior changes. |
|
|
Term
| Zinc gluconate neutralized by arginine. (Neutersol) |
|
Definition
| This is used as an injecctable chemicle sterilant that is injected into the testicles of 3-10mo old male dogs. It causes atropy of the tetsicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This hormone is produced by the ovaries, testicles, adrenal cortex, & placenta. Promotes female sex characteristics, stimulates and maintains reproductive tract, and is necessary for uterine contractions in responce to oxytocin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This female hormone is produced & secreted after ovulation which lowers uterine activity when the female is in estrus or pregnant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This causes CL lysis which result in lower progesterone levels initiating a new estrus cycle. It should NOT be used in pregnant women. |
|
|
Term
| Growth Promoting hormones. |
|
Definition
| Anabolic agents which improve efficiency in the rate of conversion from food to tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used for tissue buildong in dogs, cats, & horses with anorexia, weight loss, and debilitation. Also promotes RBC formation. C-III controlled substance. |
|
|
Term
Antisalogues
(saliva-stopping) |
|
Definition
| Anticholinergic drugs which block the effect of ACh therby reducing GI motility & decreasing secretions. Ex: Glycopyrolate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A result of the intestinal tract's failure to adequately absorb fluids from intestinal contents. |
|
|
Term
| Antidiarrheals, probiotics, & antibiotics. |
|
Definition
| These three types of medications help with diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These decrease peristalsis allowing fluid absorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hese block ACh from the PNS nerve endings, thereby lowering GI secretions & motility, which helps with tenesmus. |
|
|
Term
Protectants/ absorbents
(Antidiarrheals) |
|
Definition
| A substance administered to absorb gases, toxins, bacteria, etc from GI tract. Exaples; Bismuth, activated charcoal. . |
|
|
Term
Opiate-related agents.
(Antidiarrheal) |
|
Definition
| Analgesics that control diarrhea by lowering intestinal secretions & flow of feces. Bringing up segmental contractions which bring up intestinal absorption. Example; Imodium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Preperations containing benificial bacteria that help re-seed the gut. Based on the theory that some diarrhea is due to the disruptpon of the normal GI flora. Ex; Plain yogurt, FortiFlora. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibiotic that is effective against anaerobic bacteria. Used as an antidiarrheal on the theory that the normal flora may go higher then the number of anaerobic bacteria. |
|
|
Term
Laxatives
(Stool Loosening) |
|
Definition
| This class of drugs loosen the bowel contents & encourages evacuation of stool. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This class of drugs includes these 4 categories; Osomotic, stimulant, bulk forming, & emollients. |
|
|
Term
Osmotic Laxatives
(Hyperosmotics) |
|
Definition
| This type of laxative uses salt to pull water into the colon thereby raising water content in the feces which will cause a rise in bulk & stimulate peristalsis. Example: Lactulose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This laxative can be used to lower amonia in liver disease patients. Not reccomended for cats & other aniamls wit CHF or CRF. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This category of laxatives increases peristalsis. Example: Ducolax (Bisacodyl) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This category of laxatives are natural or semi-synthetic substances that absorb water into the intestine, increase fecal bulk, stimlate peristalsis, & most contain psyllium, or plantage seed. xample: Metamucil, Bran |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This catagory of laxatives are stool softners which reduce stool surface tension, reduce water absoption through the colon & lubricate. Examples: Ducosate sodium (DDS) & mineral oil.
|
|
|
Term
Antiemetics
(Vomit stopping) |
|
Definition
| This class of drugs helps control vomitting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vomitting is controlled by this part of the brain with ACh ss the neurotransmitter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which cranial nevre is stimulated to cause vomitting? |
|
|
Term
Phenothiazine derivatives
(Antiemetics) |
|
Definition
| This catagory of antiemetics inhibit dopamine in the CRTZ (Chemoreceptor trigger zone) decreasing stimulation to vomit. Examples: cepromazine, & Chlorpromazine. |
|
|
Term
Antihistamines
(Antiemetics) |
|
Definition
| This catagory of antiemetics is used in small animals to control motion sickness, vaccine reactions, & inner ear problems. They work to block input from vestibular system to the CRTZ. Examples: Benadryl, Dramaine. |
|
|
Term
Procainamide derivatives
(Antiemetics) |
|
Definition
| This cataory of antiemetics block the chmeoreceptor trigger zone & speed up gastric emptying They strengthen cardia sphinter tone and raise gastric contractions. Example: Reglan |
|
|
Term
Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
(Antiemetics) |
|
Definition
| This catagory of aniemetics block serotonin receptors peripherally & centrally. Examples: Zofran, Anzemet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This antiemetic drug is a neurokinin (NK1) receptor antagonist that is centraly acting. SQ and PO formulations. |
|
|
Term
Emetics
(Vomit producers) |
|
Definition
| This class of drugs induce vomiting either centrally or peripherally. Used in the treatment of poisoning, toxicity, and drug overdose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This catagory of emeics stimulates dopamine receptors in the CRTZ. Examples: Apomorphine, Xylazine in cats. |
|
|
Term
| Periherally acting emetics. |
|
Definition
| This catagory of emetic drugs cause irritation to the gastric mucosa & centrally stimulate the CRTZ. Example: Syrup of Ipecac. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This class of drugs promote ulcer healing by neutralizing HCl & reducing pepsin activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This catagory of antacids are absorbed into the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This catagory of antacids remain in the GI tract. Examples: Milk of magnesia, Maalox, Amphogel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This catagory of antacids prevent acid reflux by blocking H2 receptors of gastric parietal cells. Examples: Famotadine, Tagament, Zantac. |
|
|
Term
| Mucosal protectant antacids |
|
Definition
| This catagory of antacids are pepsin inhibitors. Example: Sulcralfate (Carafate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This mucosal protectant antacid drug is a derivative of sucrose thats non-absorbable & combines with protein to form adherent substance that covers the ulcer. |
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandin Analog antacids |
|
Definition
| This catagory of antacids supress gastric secretions & raise mucus production in GI tract. |
|
|
Term
| Proton Pump inhibitors (PPI's) |
|
Definition
| This catagory of antacid drugs inhibits H ion transport into the stomach so cells can not secret HCl. Examples: Prilosec, Prevacid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This class of drugs reduce or prevent foam formation. Used in ruminants that are subject to frothy bloat. Examples: Polaxaline, Polymerized methyl silcone, & mineral oil. |
|
|
Term
Prokinetic Agents
(Motility enhancers) |
|
Definition
This class of drugs increase GI motility to enhance movement of material through it. Examples: Dopaminergic antagonists, parasympathomimetics, & serotonergc agents.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These may need to be supplemented into the dietof a patient with pancreatic exocine insufficiency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This class of muscle function drugs are used to reieve signs of redness, pain, swelling, heat, and decreased range of motion. Can be steroidal or non-steroidla. |
|
|
Term
| Steroidal anti-inflammatories. |
|
Definition
| This catagory of anti-inflammatory drugs are corticosteroids that have anti-inflammatory effects, Examples: Prednisone, Dexamethasone. |
|
|
Term
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories. |
|
Definition
| This catagory of anti-inflammatory drugs are synthetic products that are unrelated to substances produced by the body. they inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Eamples: Rimadyl, Metacam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This class of drugs is used to paralyze muscles. Given IV to paralyze muscles by disrupting the trasmission of nerve impulses from motor nerves to skeletal muscle fibers. Examples: Panacuronium, Neostigmine. |
|
|
Term
Spasmolytics
(Spasm stopping) |
|
Definition
| This class of drugs stop spasms. Used to treat accute episodes of muscle spasticity associated with neurological & musculoskeltal disorders. Example: Robaxin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This class of drugs can be used as prention or treatment for malignant hyperthermia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This claas of drugs promote tissue building which increases muscle mass. C-III controlled substance. Used also to promote growth, counteract post-surgical debility, & treat diseases such as muscle atrophy, & orthopedic conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| his anabolic steroid can be used to stimulate RBC production. |
|
|
Term
Intracellular fluid
(ICF) |
|
Definition
| Fluid within the cell. 2/3 of fluid in body. |
|
|
Term
Extracellular fluid
(ECF) |
|
Definition
| Intrvacsular fluid and intestinal fluid together. 1/3 of fluid in body. Found in plasma and between cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sodium defficiency. Low Na intake or excessive loss through volume. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potassium deficiency. Low K intake over time, or loss through GI or urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This route for fluid therapy is for short term illness on small animals and neonates. Given by tube, bottle feeding, nasogastric tube, or gastrostomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This route for fluid administration is for mild to moderate dehydration, not for large amounts of fluids. 5-10mls/lb Isotonic fluid only. No additives! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This route for fluid administration is administered to the flank area or between scapulae but can really be given anywhere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used for moderately to severe dehydrated animals, and hypovolemic animals. A catheter must be placed. Watch for fluid overload. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Route used in small animals, birds, and pocket pets. Fluids go directly into bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
Femur( trochanteric fossa)
Humerous (greater tubercle) |
|
Definition
| hen using the intraosseous oute, these bones are usually used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What must be avoided when administering an intraosseous injection? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This route is used in young animals but not if they have diarrhea. It has great eletrolyte absorption but difficult to keep fluids in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This route can be used as a last resort if you can not get a vein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This route is usually used on rats and mice. Useful if IV access is not available. Isotonic fluids. |
|
|
Term
| Just lateral to midline. Between the umbilicus and pelvis. |
|
Definition
| This is where an intraperitoneal injection should be administered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This tyoe of fluid is sodium based electrolyte solutions. Glucose in water. Similair to plasma fluid. Can be isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Same as fluid component of blood and extracellular water. No change in osmolality of blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower osmolality of blood. May cause RBC swelling. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jigher osmolality of blood. Causes RBC to shrink. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 0.9% NcCl, Lactated ringers solution, Normosol, and Plasmalyte are akk eamples of what type of fluids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5% dextrose in water(DSW), and 0.45% saline are examples of what types of fluids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 0.9% Na with 5% dextose, & 3% normal saline are examples of what type of fluids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signs of this problem include: dyspnea, tachypnea, fluid in the SQ space, or weight gain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluids with large molecules. Caused fluid to move into vascular space. Increases osomotic oressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma, albumin, and whole blood are what types of fluids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This can be stored for years. It contains albumin and lobulins. Used in treatment of liver disease with coagulation factor deficienc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only human products available so must be careful and can be fatal. Type of colloid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases HCT in anemic animals. Expires in 28-0 days. Blood typing is recommended. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This synthetic colloid is a large polysaccharide from sugar beets. Comes in 2 cncentrations: and 40 and 70.Example: Hetastarch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Purified polymerized bovine hemoglobin. Distributes O2 via plasma rather than RBC's. Does not require blood typing or ross matching. Contraindicated with CHF. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In emergencies Atropine is used for? |
|
|
Term
Bolus 1/4 of shock dose.
Shock |
|
Definition
| Crystalloid solution is used for what in an emergency? |
|
|
Term
| Severe allergic reactions. |
|
Definition
| Dexmethasone is used for what in emergencies? |
|
|
Term
Seizures
Status epilipticus |
|
Definition
| Diazepam is used for what in emergencies? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epinephrine is used for what in emergencies? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Doxapram is used for what in emergencies? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lidocaine is used for what in emergencies? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mannitol is used for what in emergencies? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Naloxone is used for what in emergencies? |
|
|
Term
| Severe allerguc reactions |
|
Definition
| Prednisone Sodium is used for what in emergencies? |
|
|
