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building on fundamental units;
converting a monomer to a polymer |
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Sugar in the middle;
Nitrogenous base;
Phosphate group |
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GPCRs, ion channels;
Function as antennae to translate (filter) info on the outside of the cell to biologically meaningful info on the inside of the cell |
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Move ions & molecules across membranes;
- Maintenance of chemical gradients
- Re-uptake of neurotransmitters
- Uptake of nutrients |
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Molecular machines that convert starting materials (substrates) into new & usable products;
little factories |
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Regulate the activity of other proteins throughout the cell by “phosphorylation”
- Removing phosphate groups from ATP & attaching them to the protein |
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| Four Building Block Molecules |
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| sugars, nucleotides, fatty acids & amino acids |
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building blocks of nucleic acids;
neucleotides polymerize to form nucleic acids |
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| energy currency of the cell |
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made by attaching 2 fatty acids to a phosphate group by gylcerol;
bilayer forms plasma membrane;
different bilayers in water (lipsome - round w/ core; micelle - round w/o core; flat - bilayer sheet) |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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- major store of intracellular calcium;
- cytosolic concentration of calcium is very low;
- when stimulated channels in the ER open to release calcium from the ER into the cytosol;
- calcium activates many cellular processes;
- the ER is where proteins are made in the cell |
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building blocks of proteins;
polymerize to form peptides;
polypeptides fold into themselves to create complex protein structures (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) and can "multimerize" by combining w/ other proteins to form a more complex functional unit |
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