1600-1720

advances of knowledge of how nature works through astronomy, physics, and anatomy

involved very small % of pop.

when these ideas expand to more of the pop. is when you can begin to talk about the modern world

Copernicus

who?

what he beleived?

why important?

Polish mathematician

believed that a simpler picture of the planetary movemnts would reflect more accurately the true structure of the universe (sun at the center of the earth), earth would circle the sun

produced the gregorian calendar, which we still use

Galileo

italian professor of mathematician

mad major advances on the work of Copernicus and helped resolve the uncertainties in the field of astronomy, motion of planets

revealed the importance of physics, revealed the understanding of motion: the principle of inertia 

united physics and astronomy into a single system to explain all motion, found the solution to the ancient problem of motion

developed calculus

established some of the basic laws of modern physics

wrote the Principia(everything he said was proved by experiment or by mathematics)

greatest of scientists propagandists

created vision of science as the savior of the human race

Frenchman 

laid the foundations for modern philosophy

principle of doubt 

"I think, therefore I am"

believed babies have clear and distinct ideas, innate ideas(deductive method)

stated that there is a divide between spirit and matter

theoretical rather than experimental

undermined forever traditional assumptions such as the belief in the hierarchical organization of the universe

Frenchman (religious)

protested against the new sciene (in particular against Descartes)

helped lay the foundations for integral calculus

helped discover barometric pressure and invented a calculating machine

wrote the Pensees=revealed religious beliefs and the anxieties of a scientist who feared the growth of science

believed the truths uncovered by science were limited and not as important as the truths perceived by faith

artistic style that focused on passion, drama, mystery, and awe

involved arousal and uplifting to the audience

flourished primarily at the Catholic courts of the 17th century

other major style of the 17th century

attempted to recapture  the aesthetic values and the strict forms that had been favored in ancient Greece and Rome

also aimed for grandiose effect, but unlike Barowue, achieved them through restraint and discipline with a formal structure

echoed the trend toward stability

unities: place, location, time, and action

high-class=weath was significant, education was important

low-class: effect of famine and war was severe, poverty in cities was the worst 

most people lived in small village communities, but their structure was changing

fragmentary and disorganized, employment unpredictable. significant number of people could read

chief attraction: wide variety of economic opportunity: for women, selling good and processing food. for men, construction on the docks and delivery services

both urban and towns believed in it

mysterious forces controlled nature and their own lives and there was little they could do to ensure their own well-being

accusing of witches, usually helpless old women also vulnerable members of society (jews or women)

ended in the 17th century

the world that we live in now, the taken for granted world

secular world rather than a religious world

stress on individual advancement

began in 1700s

1. enlightenment

2. beginning of industrialism

3. development of the modern state

15th and 16th century

rebirth of the classics of the ancient world

renewed interest in the writings that were done during the Greeks and Romans

began in Italy, then spread to other parts of Europe

amandonment of religious questions and confusion/abandonment of trinity

new outlook on the renaissance

not an interest in symbolsm, interest in realistic portrayls of human

new realism paintings (accurate while painting)

new concern on the immediate and the practical

ability to look at the huan condition and laugh at it

it's a sharp break in attitudes on the religious ages

the beginning of secularism and individualism

beginning of materialistic values

1. it was sill not primarily focused on human existence. focused on human existence as it is related to god

2.renaissance used the great writings of the ancient world and better defended christianity

1730-1790, peaked in France (especially Paris)

non-christian humanism.

understanding man with no reliance to god

understanding man with a connection to nature and society

romanticism disagrees

1570

began because Luther posted his 95 thesis on the door of the church saying he wanted to debate about certain issues

period of major change and variance in the fundamental beliefs of christianity

still had a christian tone to it, but many didn't notice

moved from the east to the west

religious revolt

tremendously powerful and wealthy churches

political system that creates a strong, centralized state 

the belief that power emanated from the monarch's unlimited authority

justified unlimited power and treated treason as blasphemy

created due to Louis wanting to have complete power 

aim was to establish equilibrium in Europe by a balance of power, with no single state achieving hegemony

diplomats lead this

Prussia

disdained German culture and was a deist

beleived in absolutism at home and agression abroad

"enlightened" absolutist (religious toleration and judicial reform)

capture of territory was his most singular contribution to the rise of Prussia and what earned him his title of Frederick the Great

Austrai

enemies with Frederick

became in position because she didn't have brothers and was the only one capable of becoming queen

moralistic and pious

innovator in the business of building and reasserting the power of her state

reformed the military, improving the training of troops and establishing academies to produce a more professional officer corps

France

both king in council and court

overall aims=expand France's frontiers and assert superiority over other European state.

created war in Europe because people didn't want France taking over

strongly beleived in absolutism

created a more elaborate court in Versailles

transformed Versailles= isolation of government=vast personal power

Versaille= visible symbol of Louis' absolutism

Russia

built an entirely new capital (St. Petersburg)

beleived that in order to compete with Europe's powers, he had to bring to Russia some of the advances the Western nations had recently mad

created a hierarchy of authority

created Russia's bureucratization

brilliant scholar

used science to analyze political behavior

concluded that governments needed an absolute and sovereign power in order to maintain peace

the transition from nature to society is accomplished by contract that is accepted by all who want to end the chaos

antiabsolutist

admired Hobbes but sought to soften his conclusions

believed that at birth a person's mind is a tabula rasa (a clean slate)

individuals have the right to life, liberty, and property, but no power over these natural rights without their consent

prime concern=defend the individual against the state

his emphasis on property served the elite better than the mass of society

main cause had to do with the state of the catholic church

sparked by the 95thesis

result from the abuses of the catholic church

argued traditional catholic beliefs; created schism b/t the two religions

major religions such as lutheranism and calvinism were established

happened during the protestant reformation

church didn't allow, but happened anyway

selling your sould in order to go to heaven

very Catholic, "faith not works that give one to heaven"

had issues with the theology of the catholic church

wrote out 95 theses (propositions) that he was willing to argue with anybody about. main theses was about the selling of indulgences

symbol of the resistancy of the pope

became a heretic (wasn't allowed in churches)

created the Lutheran church 

founder of calvinism

became more critical and hostile of the catholic church

interested in Luther's ideas but summarized his own views of christianity

harsh religion, beleived not many people went to heaven

beleived going to heaven is pre-destined (god picks people)

no gambling or dancing/partying

calvinism challenged traditional human culture by convincing his followers that they don't need to live with a lot of money or material things. played a huge role in protestant reformation

the intellectuals that formulated the ideas of the Enlightenment

wrote the books, spread the ideas, attacked the institutions that they considered incompatible

1. thair tasks to destroy the whole of myth and superstition on contemporary individuals, beleived the past was an age of darkness

2. god does exist or may exist, but he is not a personal god.he does notactively help us in our daily lives (Deism)

3. empircism= the scientific method will lead to the truth

4. reason is the best guide to life, not bible

most famous philosophe

beleived in deism, antagonist of Christianity

wanted Europeans to abandon Christianity

felt that France was too locked into Descartes thinking, beleived France needs to be introduced to imperical thinking

wrote Candide, discusses how he is torn b/t his previous optimistic spin on the world and his new pessimistic one

encouraged a more secular outlook

allows any person to practice any religion or none at all

a decisive break with the Christian worldview, which placed religious doctrine at the center of society's values

people are ultimately responsible to themselves for what they do with their lives

18th century thinker, influential and original

obsessed with the issue of moral freedom

beleived that individuals have a role in making the law to which they submit, by doing so the individuals=the sovereign

a quest for consensus as the best interest of all citizens

Diderot's encyclopedia

translated a Britich enclopedic reference work into French in order to change the general way of thinking

promoting a revolution in the minds of men to free them from prejudice

status of diderot's project=landmark of its age

referred to the educated and wealthy

the appeal to travel

realm of culture and ideas stretched across Europe's political borders

Salons and Masonic Lodges

publishing and reading

 Jacobins created 

universal draft of all young men who are now eligible for conscription into the French army

increased number of soldiers

stopped the austrians and prussians

created a new French state by expanding territories

1793-1794

violent period that occurred after the onset of the French revolution

guillotine was created

thousands of people killed and imrisoned because they didn't believe in revolutionary ways

created a new calendar

de-christianazation, only ok to worship Reason

significant b/c France realized things can be taken too far

became head of committe of public safety

began pushing the benefits of the revolution down to the lower orders (the most underprivileged) by regulation of prices and free education for everyone

republic of virtue=make a state that make people better (morally and virtuously)

most controversial figure the comes out of the French revolution

declared an outlaw and killed

Thermidorian Reaction 

(the "directory")

followed the death of Robespierre

formed to govern France

group of 5 men, all substantial property owners and upper-middle class.

restored privaleges of upper-middle class that was taken away by Robespierre.

very narrow base of social support

put together questionable economic policies (only helped a few)

no outstanding leaders

formed by the third estate (represented the commonors and the lower clergy)

claimed to be the sovereign power in France

decisive revolutionary step on June 17

--> king surrounded Versaille with troops ---> the fall of the bastille (parisians stormed Bastille)

swore they would not separate until they had given France a constitution

goals: fund the national debt and the common people

central text of european liberalism

draft of the constitution that indicated its intentions

liberty, property, and security

popular sovereignty

natural rights, such as freedom of expression and freedom of religious conscience, but even these rights could be circumscribed by law

new regime would be based on the principles of reason rather than history or traditions

significance: gave same rights to all citizens regardless of socio-economic status as well as solidified national assembly's independence from France

assembly debated political rights for women--> women's suffrage advanced through pamphlets, petitions, and deputations to the Assembly (most notably = "declaration of the rights of women") actively engaged in local conflicts

people beleived women were to easily influenced to be independent, they must exclude them from the new public sphere

eventually: dramatic advances in the civil status of women. created a more equitable family life by curbing paternal powers over children, lowering the age of majority, and equalizing the status of husbands and wives in regard to property

resulted from selling property of the catholic church

1. declares all church property in france no longer independent (now belongs to government)

2. everything attached to the catholic church land are made public servants and will be paid by the state

3. all the revenues collected go to the state, not the church

4. all priests, nuns, and munks, must take a royalty oath

parisian militants 

Jacobins joined

together propelled France into a second revolution=brodening notion of equality

mainly artisans, shopkeepers, and workers.

demanded forceful government intervention to ensure the basic necessities of life  (price controls)

beleived the local assembly of citizens was the ultimate soverign body

most radical political club in France

represented the interests of the lower classes rather than the interest of the more cautious interests of the middle/upper classes

firmly believed in the need to remove all social class distinctions

wanted to push down the benefits of the revolution to the workers and underprivileged people

created first glimmer on socialism

destroyed existing order without putting anything in its place, leading to the Reign of Terror

produced the national assembly, representation of France

Louis 16th nominated them to be "voice of France" instead of himself, giving large portion of power away and starting the French Revolution

king after france was in debt

wanted to impose tax without losing favor

not an enlightened absolutist

attempted to reform France with the enlightenment ideals,failed

started out popular but soon not because he was indecisive

significant because taxation brought France out of debt but caused divison among the masses and sparked French Revolution

found guilty of treason and executed

a prison

in response to Louis 16th formation of the 20,000 men army, a crowd of the national assembly approached Bastille to confiscate the weapons they thought were being housed inside

crowd invaded when the guards denied having weapons and a massacre began

significance: proved the the commoners could come together and rise up against the french military. 

way to legit raise taxes 

brought fourth by Louis 16th

significance: brought to an end when many members of the third estate (commoners) formed themselves into a national assembly, signaling the outbreak of the french revolution