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VT 150 CH 10, 11, 13, 19
Week 3
123
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 3
11/17/2014

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
A responce mechanism that serves to maintain a state of internal constancy. Most common form of regulation in endocrine system.
Term
Positive feedback
Definition
A responce mechanism that results in the amplification of an initial change. Results in avalanche-like effects.
Term
Anterior Pituitary
Definition
These hormones regulate growth & proper functioning of thyroid, gonads, & various endocrine glands.
Term
Insulin & glucagon
Definition
Blood glucose is regulated in a naqrrow range by;
Term
Insulin
Definition
Responds to a rise in BG levels by using glucose for energy in cells and storage of glucose in liver as glucagon.
Term
Glucagon
Definition
Increases BG levels by promoting the breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose.
Term
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Definition
Carb, protein, & fat metabolism caused by lack of or insufficient use of insulin in animals.
Term
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Definition
Raised blood glucose, glucouria, PU/ PD, and weight loss are signs of:
Term
Short-acting insulin
Definition
Used to initialy treat DKA & control BG until animal is stabalized. Duration of action is about 1/2 hr to 2 hr.
Term
Intermediate-acting insulin
Definition
Used to control BG in uncomplicated cases of Diabetes Mellitus. Duration of action in dogs is 6-24 hrs and cats, 4-10 hr.
Term
Long-acting insulin
Definition

Poorly absorbed from the tissue, therefore it maintains a long-lasting BG level. Duration of action in dogs is 6-28hr, and cats, 6-24 hr.

 

Term
Thyroid gland
Definition
Animals growth & reproduction are regulated by hormones produced in the:
Term
Thyroid hormones
Definition
Affect many metabolic, growth, reproductive, & immune functions. Help regulate fat & carbohydrate metabolism. Help regulate heat production.
Term
Hypothyroidism
Definition
Dull coat, symmetrical hair loss, weight gain w/o increase in appetite, listlessness, intolerance to cold, reproductive failure, and skin more susceptable to dermatitis and pyoderma etc are signs of:
Term
Hypothyroidism
Definition
This disease is diagnosed through blood work, measuring T4, T3, & TSH.
Term
Hyperthyroidism
Definition
Usually seen in cats, signs of this disease include PU/PD, weight loss, voracious appetite, tachycardia,vocalization, and restlessness.
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
This is the principle mineralcorticoid which acts to conserve Na+ ions &H20.
Term
Addison's Disease
Definition
This disease is caused by too little hormones produced. Progressive condition associated with adrenal atrophy usually caused by immune mediated inflammation.
Term
Cushing's Disease
Definition
This disease is caused by adrenal tumors, pituitary tumors, or long-term administration of corticosteroids.
Term
Proestrus-->Estrus--> Metestrus--> Diestrus--> Anestrus
Definition
Name the Estrous cycle in order of what happens.
Term
Follicular phase.
Definition
When graafian follicle present with estrogen, the predominent hormone.
Term
Garafian follicle.
Definition
Where ova are produced in the ovary.
Term
Luteal phase
Definition
This pahse ocurs when corpus luteum is present with progesterone the predominent hormone.
Term

GnRH

(gonadatropin-releasing hormone)

Definition
The hypothalmus releases this in responce to stimuli such as daylight length & feedback mechanisms.
Term

FSH

(follicle stimulating hormone)

Definition
This causes growth & maturation of ovarian follicles.
Term

LH

(Lutenizing hormone)

Definition
This causes ovulation of mature follicles & formation of corpus luteum.
Term
Prostaglandin
Definition
This breaks down the CL at the end of pregnancy & at the end of diestrus in non-pregnant animals.
Term
Androgens
Definition
Male sex hormones produced in testes, ovaries, & adrenal cortex.
Term
Testosterone
Definition
This hormone is used in vet medicine to treat infertility & hypogonadism. It is a C-III controlled substance.
Term
Testosterone
Definition
Side effects of using this hormone include; perianal tumors, prostatic disorders, & behavior changes.
Term
Zinc gluconate neutralized by arginine. (Neutersol)
Definition
This is used as an injecctable chemicle sterilant that is injected into the testicles of 3-10mo old male dogs. It causes atropy of the tetsicles.
Term
Estrogen
Definition
This hormone is produced by the ovaries, testicles, adrenal cortex, & placenta. Promotes female sex characteristics, stimulates and maintains reproductive tract, and is necessary for uterine contractions in responce to oxytocin.
Term
Progesterone.
Definition
This female hormone is produced & secreted after ovulation which lowers uterine activity when the female is in estrus or pregnant.
Term
Prostaglandin
Definition
This causes CL lysis which result in lower progesterone levels initiating a new estrus cycle. It should NOT be used in pregnant women.
Term
Growth Promoting hormones.
Definition
Anabolic agents which improve efficiency in the rate of conversion from food to tissue.
Term
Anabolic steroids
Definition
Used for tissue buildong in dogs, cats, & horses with anorexia, weight loss, and debilitation. Also promotes RBC formation. C-III controlled substance.
Term

Antisalogues

(saliva-stopping)

Definition
Anticholinergic drugs which block the effect of ACh therby reducing GI motility & decreasing secretions. Ex: Glycopyrolate.
Term
Diarrhea
Definition
A result of the intestinal tract's failure to adequately absorb fluids from intestinal contents.
Term
Antidiarrheals, probiotics, & antibiotics.
Definition
These three types of medications help with diarrhea.
Term
Antidiarrheals
Definition
These decrease peristalsis allowing fluid absorption.
Term
Anticholinergics
Definition
These block ACh from the PNS nerve endings, thereby lowering GI secretions & motility, which helps with tenesmus.
Term

Protectants/ absorbents

 (Antidiarrheals)

Definition
A substance administered to absorb gases, toxins, bacteria, etc from GI tract. Exaples; Bismuth, activated charcoal. .
Term

Opiate-related agents.

(Antidiarrheal)

Definition
Analgesics that control diarrhea by lowering intestinal secretions & flow of feces. Bringing up segmental contractions which bring up intestinal absorption. Example; Imodium.
Term
Probiotics
Definition
Preperations containing benificial bacteria that help re-seed the gut. Based on the theory that some diarrhea is due to the disruptpon of the normal GI flora. Ex; Plain yogurt, FortiFlora.
Term

Metronidazole

(Flagyl)

Definition
Antibiotic that is effective against anaerobic bacteria. Used as an antidiarrheal on the theory that the normal flora may go higher then the number of anaerobic bacteria.
Term

Laxatives

(Stool Loosening)

Definition
This class of drugs loosen the bowel contents & encourages evacuation of stool.
Term
Laxatives
Definition
This class of drugs includes these 4 categories; Osomotic, stimulant, bulk forming, & emollients.
Term

Osmotic Laxatives

(Hyperosmotics)

Definition
This type of laxative uses salt to pull water into the colon thereby raising water content in the feces which will cause a rise in bulk & stimulate peristalsis. Example: Lactulose.
Term
Lactulose
Definition
This laxative can be used to lower amonia in liver disease patients. Not reccomended for cats & other aniamls wit CHF or CRF.
Term
Stimulant laxatives
Definition
This category of laxatives increases peristalsis. Example: Ducolax (Bisacodyl)
Term
Bulk laxatives
Definition
This category of laxatives are natural or semi-synthetic substances that absorb water into the intestine, increase fecal bulk, stimlate peristalsis, & most contain psyllium, or plantage seed. xample: Metamucil, Bran
Term
Emolients
Definition

This catagory of laxatives are stool softners which reduce stool surface tension, reduce water absoption through the colon & lubricate. Examples: Ducosate sodium (DDS) & mineral oil.

 

Term

Antiemetics

(Vomit stopping)

Definition
This class of drugs helps control vomitting.
Term
Medulla
Definition
Vomitting is controlled by this part of the brain with ACh ss the neurotransmitter.
Term
Vagus nerve
Definition
Which cranial nevre is stimulated to cause vomitting?
Term

Phenothiazine derivatives

(Antiemetics)

Definition
This catagory of antiemetics inhibit dopamine in the CRTZ (Chemoreceptor trigger zone) decreasing stimulation to vomit. Examples: cepromazine, & Chlorpromazine.
Term

Antihistamines

(Antiemetics)

Definition
This catagory of antiemetics is used in small animals to control motion sickness, vaccine reactions, & inner ear problems. They work to block input from vestibular system to the CRTZ. Examples: Benadryl, Dramaine.
Term

Procainamide derivatives

(Antiemetics)

Definition
This cataory of antiemetics block the chmeoreceptor trigger zone & speed up gastric emptying They strengthen cardia sphinter tone and raise gastric contractions. Example: Reglan
Term

Serotonin Receptor Antagonists

(Antiemetics)

Definition
This catagory of aniemetics block serotonin receptors peripherally & centrally. Examples: Zofran, Anzemet.
Term

Cerenia

(Maropitant)

Definition
This antiemetic drug is a neurokinin (NK1) receptor antagonist that is centraly acting.  SQ and PO formulations.
Term

Emetics

(Vomit producers)

Definition
This class of drugs induce vomiting either centrally or peripherally. Used in the treatment of poisoning, toxicity, and drug overdose.
Term
Centrally acting emetics
Definition
This catagory of emeics stimulates dopamine receptors in the CRTZ. Examples: Apomorphine, Xylazine in cats.
Term
Periherally acting emetics.
Definition
This catagory of emetic drugs cause irritation to the gastric mucosa & centrally stimulate the CRTZ. Example: Syrup of Ipecac.
Term
Antacids
Definition
This class of drugs promote ulcer healing by neutralizing HCl & reducing pepsin activity.
Term
Systemic antacids
Definition
This catagory of antacids are absorbed into the blood.
Term
Nonsystemic antacids
Definition
This catagory of antacids remain in the GI tract. Examples: Milk of magnesia, Maalox, Amphogel.
Term
H2 Blocker antacids
Definition
This catagory of antacids prevent acid reflux by blocking H2 receptors of gastric parietal cells. Examples: Famotadine, Tagament, Zantac.
Term
Mucosal protectant antacids
Definition
This catagory of antacids are pepsin inhibitors. Example: Sulcralfate (Carafate)
Term
Sucralfate (Carafate)
Definition
This mucosal protectant antacid drug is a derivative of sucrose thats non-absorbable & combines with protein to form adherent substance that covers the ulcer.
Term
Prostaglandin Analog antacids
Definition
This catagory of antacids supress gastric secretions & raise mucus production in GI tract.
Term
Proton Pump inhibitors (PPI's)
Definition
This catagory of antacid drugs inhibits H ion transport into the stomach so cells can not secret HCl. Examples: Prilosec, Prevacid.
Term
Antifoam Agents
Definition
This class of drugs reduce or prevent foam formation. Used in ruminants that are subject to frothy bloat. Examples: Polaxaline, Polymerized methyl silcone, & mineral oil.
Term

Prokinetic Agents

(Motility enhancers)

Definition

This class of drugs increase GI motility to enhance movement of material through it. Examples: Dopaminergic antagonists, parasympathomimetics, & serotonergc agents.

 

Term
Enzyme supplements
Definition
These may need to be supplemented into the dietof a patient with pancreatic exocine insufficiency.
Term
Anti-inflammatories
Definition
This class of muscle function drugs are used to releave signs of redness, pain, swelling, heat, and decreased range of motion. Can be steroidal or non-steroidlal.
Term
Steroidal anti-inflammatories.
Definition
This catagory of anti-inflammatory drugs are corticosteroids that have anti-inflammatory effects, Examples: Prednisone, Dexamethasone.
Term
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories.
Definition
This catagory of anti-inflammatory drugs are synthetic products that are unrelated to substances produced by the body. they inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Eamples: Rimadyl, Metacam.
Term
Neuromuscular blockers
Definition
This class of drugs is used to paralyze muscles. Given IV to paralyze muscles by disrupting the trasmission of nerve impulses from motor nerves to skeletal muscle fibers. Examples: Panacuronium, Neostigmine.
Term

Spasmolytics

(Spasm stopping)

Definition
This class of drugs stop spasms. Used to treat accute episodes of muscle spasticity associated with neurological & musculoskeltal disorders. Example: Robaxin.
Term
Spasmolytics
Definition
This class of drugs can be used as prention or treatment for malignant hyperthermia.
Term
Anabolic steroids
Definition
This claas of drugs promote tissue building which increases muscle mass. C-III controlled substance. Used also to promote growth, counteract post-surgical debility, & treat diseases such as muscle atrophy, & orthopedic conditions.
Term
Nandrolone
Definition
his anabolic steroid can be used to stimulate RBC production.
Term

Intracellular fluid

(ICF)

Definition
Fluid within the cell. 2/3 of fluid in body.
Term

Extracellular fluid

(ECF)

Definition
Intrvacsular fluid and intestinal fluid together. 1/3 of fluid in body. Found in plasma and between cells.
Term
Hyponatremia
Definition
Sodium defficiency. Low Na intake or excessive loss through volume.
Term
Hypokalemia
Definition
Potassium deficiency. Low K intake over time, or loss through GI or urine.
Term
Orally
Definition
This route for fluid therapy is for short term illness on small animals and neonates. Given by tube, bottle feeding, nasogastric tube, or gastrostomy
Term
Subcutaneous SQ)
Definition
This route for fluid administration is for mild to moderate dehydration, not for large amounts of fluids. 5-10mls/lb Isotonic fluid only. No additives!
Term
SQ
Definition
This route for fluid administration is administered to the flank area or between scapulae but can really be given anywhere.
Term
IV fluids
Definition
Used for moderately to severe dehydrated animals, and hypovolemic animals. A catheter must be placed. Watch for fluid overload.
Term
Intraosseous (IO)
Definition
Route used in small animals, birds, and pocket pets. Fluids go directly into bone marrow.
Term

Femur( trochanteric fossa)

Humerous (greater tubercle)

Definition
When using the intraosseous oute, these bones are usually used.
Term
Growth plates.
Definition
What must be avoided when administering an intraosseous injection?
Term
Rectal (PR)
Definition
This route is used in young animals but not if they have diarrhea. It has great eletrolyte absorption but difficult to keep fluids in.
Term
Intraosseous (IO)
Definition
This route can be used as a last resort if you can not get a vein.
Term
Intraperitoneal (IP)
Definition
This route is usually used on rats and mice. Useful if IV access is not available. Isotonic fluids.
Term
Just lateral to midline. Between the umbilicus and pelvis.
Definition
This is where an intraperitoneal injection should be administered
Term
Crystaloids
Definition
This tyoe of fluid is sodium based electrolyte solutions. Glucose in water. Similair to plasma fluid. Can be isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic.
Term
Isotonic
Definition
Same as fluid component of blood and extracellular water. No change in osmolality of blood.
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Lower osmolality of blood. May cause RBC swelling.
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Higher osmolality of blood. Causes RBC to shrink.
Term
Isotonic solutions
Definition
0.9% NcCl, Lactated ringers solution, Normosol, and Plasmalyte are examples of what type of fluids?
Term
Hypotonic solutions
Definition
5% dextrose in water(DSW), and 0.45% saline are examples of what types of fluids?
Term
Hypertonic solutions
Definition
0.9% Na with 5% dextose, & 3% normal saline are examples of what type of fluids?
Term
Fluid overload
Definition
Signs of this problem include: dyspnea, tachypnea, fluid in the SQ space, or weight gain.
Term
Colloids
Definition
Fluids with large molecules. Caused fluid to move into vascular space. Increases osomotic pressure.
Term
Natural Colloids
Definition
Plasma, albumin, and whole blood are what types of fluids?
Term
Plasma
Definition
This can be stored for years. It contains albumin and lobulins. Used in treatment of liver disease with coagulation factor deficienc.
Term
Albumin
Definition
Only human products available so must be careful and can be fatal. Type of colloid.
Term
Whole blood
Definition
Increases HCT in anemic animals. Expires in 28-0 days. Blood typing is recommended.
Term

Dextran

 

Definition
This synthetic colloid is a large polysaccharide from sugar beets. Comes in 2 cncentrations: and 40 and 70.Example: Hetastarch.
Term
Oxyglobin
Definition
Purified polymerized bovine hemoglobin. Distributes O2 via plasma rather than RBC's. Does not require blood typing or ross matching. Contraindicated with CHF.
Term
Bradycardia
Definition
In emergencies Atropine is used for?
Term

Bolus 1/4 of shock dose.

Shock

Definition
Crystalloid solution is used for what in an emergency?
Term
Severe allergic reactions.
Definition
Dexmethasone is used for what in emergencies?
Term

Seizures

Status epilipticus

Definition
Diazepam is used for what in emergencies?
Term
Asystole
Definition
Epinephrine is used for what in emergencies?
Term
Apnea
Definition
Doxapram is used for what in emergencies?
Term
Ventricular arrhythmias
Definition
Lidocaine is used for what in emergencies?
Term
Cerebral edema.
Definition
Mannitol is used for what in emergencies?
Term
Opioid reversal
Definition
Naloxone is used for what in emergencies?
Term
Severe allerguc reactions
Definition
Prednisone Sodium is used for what in emergencies?
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