Term
What are the cartilages of the Larynx? |
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Definition
1)thyroid 2)cricoid 3)arytenoids 4)epiglottis 5)corniculate 6)cuneiform |
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Term
Extrinsic suprahyoid laryngeal muscles? |
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Definition
1)diagastric 2)geniohyoid 3)mylohyoid 4)stylohyoid |
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Term
What do the extrinsic suprahyoid laryngeal muscles do? |
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Definition
-raise larynx which increases pitch, protects airway when swallowing---these attach to one point in the larynx and one point above |
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Term
About the Intrinsic laryngeal muscles: |
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Definition
-both attachments are within the larynx -responsible for vocal fold vibration, rock and glide the arytenoids -all are paired muscles |
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Term
What do the extrinsic infrahyoid laryngeal muscles do? |
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Definition
-lower the larynx, decreases tension and pitch---these attach to one point in the larynx and one point below |
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Term
What are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles? |
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Definition
1)thyroarytenoid 2)interarytenoid 3)Posterior cricoarytenoid 4)lateral cricoarytenoid 5)cricothyroid |
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Term
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Definition
-creates the bulk of the vocal folds *intrinsic laryngeal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
-transverse and obliques portions -adducts the arytenoids |
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Term
Posterior cricoarytenoid Muscle: |
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Definition
-The only AB-ductors of the Vocal folds!!! |
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Term
| Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle: |
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Definition
-rotates arytenoids -continues adduction |
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Term
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Definition
-Primary tensor of the vocal folds |
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Term
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Definition
Guy who microscopically studied the structure of the vocal folds and found 3 layers. |
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Term
What are the 3 layers of the vocal folds? |
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Definition
1)Cover-epithelium (mucosa) 2)Middle layer (Lamina Propria) 3)Body (vocalis muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
-the 2 upper layers are smooth (epithelium) providing friction free surface for the respiratory tract -lower portion is ciliated and expels foreign matter |
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Term
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Definition
-vocalis muscle of the thyroartenoid muscle -furthest from the surface |
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Term
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Definition
-also called the Lamina Propria -increasingly dense layers of collagen -3 sublayers |
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Term
3 sublayers of the Middle layer of the VF |
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Definition
1)superficial (Reinke's Space) 2)Intermediate-part of vocal ligament 3)Deep-part of vocal ligament * vocal ligament loosely connects the cover to the body of the VFs. |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the cover and the body of the vocal folds are able to move separately. |
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Term
Neuroanatomy of Phonation |
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Definition
-phonatory mech is controlled by both voluntary and non-voluntary neural mechs. -origin of voluntary control is in cortex of the brain -actual muscle control happens in the lower brain areas |
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Term
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Definition
1)cerebellum-planning speech movement 2)brainstem 3)midbrain 4)cerebrum |
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Term
Vagus Nerve (cranial X nerve) |
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Definition
*major nerve supplier for the layrnx 1)superior laryngeal 2)recurrent laryngeal |
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Term
2 Branches of the Superior laryngeal of Vagus X |
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Definition
1)External: motor nerve serving cricothyroid (if damaged pitch problems occur) 2)Internal: serves mucous membrane |
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Term
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
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Definition
-descends and then ascends -right side, shorter loops -left side, much longer and passes thru thoracic cavity *supplies motor fibers to intrinsic laryngeal nerves |
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Term
Innervation for extrinsic laryngeal nerves: |
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Definition
-by several nerves including branches of the facial nerve and hypoglossal *lesions affecting these nerves can affect voice production |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Steps to Voice Production |
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Definition
1)vocal folds are adducted 2)exhalation 3)build up of subglottic airpressure 4)folds are blown apart (not abducted) 5)myloelastic recoil brings back to midline, repeats |
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Term
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Definition
-between individuals it is affected by the mass and length of the vocal folds -intra pitch changes are the result of increase of decrease of tension of the vocal folds |
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Term
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Definition
-related to increases in subglottic air pressure---more pressure (eg, glottal resistance) the louder the voice -related to resonant characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
-determined in part by vibrating characteristics of vocal folds -resonant chracteristics of the vocal tract (size and shape) |
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Term
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Definition
The sound produced by the larynx used in both speech and non-speech activities. |
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Term
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Definition
-at anterior of the neck -comprised of muscles, nerves, cartilages, ligaments and mucous membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
if: -pitch, loudness and quality are adequeate for communication and appropriate for age and gender. -easily produce, free of strain and having a pleasant clear quality. |
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Term
Auditory-Perceptual/Acoustic Correlate |
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Definition
1)pitch---frequency 2)loudness---intensity 3)quality---periodicity |
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Term
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Definition
1)when the pitch, loudness or quality interfers with communication. 2)the person's voice calls attention to itself than what the speaker is saying 3)if the speaker experiences pain or discomfort 4)the voice is inappropriate for age and gender |
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Term
What can cause voice problems? |
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Definition
-Yelling causing temporary hoarsenes -smoking -injury or illness causing paralysis -misuse of voice such as talking too loudly, inappropriate pitch, improper breathing patterns -some can be psychological in origin |
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Term
How to keep a healthy voice: |
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Definition
- -increase water
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- -stop smoking
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- -limit caffeine
- -avoid reflux causing foods
- -increase humidity
- -avoid talking in noise
- -reduce stress
- -take singing lessons
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Term
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Definition
-is the clients voice complaint, what the person reports is wrong -some can be observed like roughness and hoarsness -subjective |
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Term
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Definition
-Characteristics of voice that can be observed or tested or measured -provide more objective data |
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Term
Major Symptoms and Signs of Voice Problems |
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Definition
1.hoarseness (low freq, low freq variations increased perturbation, etc) 2.vocal fatigue 3.breathiness (running out of air, hard to hear) 4.reduced phonational range 5.aphonia (no voice, whisper, dry throat , soreness etc) 6.pitch breaks or inappropriately high pitch 7.strain, struggle 8.tremor 9.pain or other physical sensations |
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Term
Auditory Perceptual Signs-Pitch |
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Definition
-monopitch-neurological/personality disorder -inappropriate-too high or low for age and gender (can be endo or psychological) -pitch breaks-adolescent voice or laryngeal pathology |
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Term
Auditory Perceptual Signs--Loudness |
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Definition
-monoloud-neurological or psychological -inappropriate-too loud or soft for situation (respiratory, neurological, personality or habit) |
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Term
Auditory Perceptual Signs-Quality |
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Definition
-hoarseness (pathologies affecting vibration--perturbation and spectral noise, glottal fry) -breathiness-audible air escape, related to reduced loudness and inadequate glottic closure (peripheral neural involvement) -tension-hard glottal attack, observable muscle tension in neck (can be hyperfunction or compensation) |
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Term
Auditory-Perceptual Signs--Quality cont... |
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Definition
-Tremor-rhythmic variation in pitch and loudness (usually CN dysfunction) -strain/struggle-diff initiating phonation and struggle to maintain it (spastic dysphonia) -interruption of voicing-intermittent, may be from sudden abduction of VF (can be neurological) -diplophonia- double voice, two distinct pitches present from VF vibrating at different frequencies |
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Term
Non-Phonatory Auditory Perceptual Behaviors |
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Definition
-stridor-noisy breathing (emphysyma) -excessive throat clearing -aphonia, consistent and episodic (vocal fold paralysis, psych or laryngeal path) -CNS disorder |
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Term
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Definition
- Voice=phonation & resonance
- Resonance- happens above the level of VF
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Term
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Definition
| large number of frequencies--> no repeating pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| infinite number of frequencies in the spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
| Small number of frequencies that repeat over time |
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Term
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Definition
-congenital -childhood (early childhood to adolescence) -Adult onset |
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Term
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Definition
gradual-->sudden mild-->severe intermittent-->chronic |
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Term
Etiologies of Voice Disorder |
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Definition
1. Organic 2. Functional 3. Mixed |
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Term
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Definition
-structural changes 1.physical (polyps, nodules, cancer) 2.neurologic (paralysis and spasms) 3.trauma (surgery, fractures, etc) |
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Term
Functional Voice Disorders |
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Definition
No known organic cause 1.behavior/faulty learning (hyper and hypo function) 2.psychogenic 3.combined factors |
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Term
Medical diagnosis of voice problem |
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Definition
-Made by an otolaryngologis, performs a laryngeal exam -indirect/mirror -endoscopic/videostroboscopy |
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Term
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Definition
Speech Pathologist 1.auditory-perceptual 2.instrumental 3.behavioral (probes |
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Term
Fundamental Frequency (Fo) |
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Definition
| The frequency of vibration of the vocal folds |
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Term
Mean Fundamental Frequency |
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Definition
Males-100 to 150 Hz Females-180 to 250 Hz Children-350 to 400 Hz |
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Term
Range of Fundamental Frequency |
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Definition
lowest to highest frequency converted into semitones (different # in Hz can convert to same # of semitones) |
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Term
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Definition
-Fundamental Frequency (Hz) -Mean -Standard deviation -range (semitones) -Intensity (dB) -Mean -Range - -Jitter Shimmer |
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Term
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Definition
-Perturbation/irregularity of fundamental frequency. (milliseconds) |
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Term
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Definition
Perturbation/irregularity of amplitude (%) |
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Term
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Definition
The difference between the cycles (period), the greater the difference between periods the great the perturbation. |
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Term
Physiologic Measures--Aerodynamic |
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Definition
-Airflow -Maximum Phonation Time -S/Z Ratio |
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Term
Medical Treatments for voice |
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Definition
-medications -surgery (adding or removing) -radiation (carcinoma) |
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Term
Speech Therapy Treatments for Voice |
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Definition
-vocal hygiene -relaxation -exercises -counseling -voice coaching -singing exercise |
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Term
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Definition
-to make a diagnosis -establish baseline for pre/post treatment -to provide feedback so client can improve -documentation (reimb,legal, data) |
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Term
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Definition
starts as undifferentiated balistic activity, progresses to differentiated crying (increased motor control)allows communication |
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Term
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Definition
as child grows, folds lengthen and pitch decreases |
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Term
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Definition
-gradual change for females -dramatic laryngeal changes for males change pitch and quality (lengthening and thickening of VF |
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Term
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Definition
-after 65 the voice declines but doesn't necessarily mirror chronological age---good physical health may = young voice Changes in pitch, quality and loudness |
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Term
Changes in Acoustic voice signs |
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Definition
-kids have highest freq.
-kids have reduced freq range in semitones compared to adults -older men, higher pitch -older women, lower pitch -older adults have reduce range relative to younger adults |
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Term
Age/Sex and Dynamic Range/Intensity |
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Definition
-kids have highest mean intensity due to size of larynx in relation to size of rest of vocal tract and lack of inhibition -adult males have louder mean intensity and greater range than females -older adults reduce in both range and mean intensity to younger adults (except those with SNHL) |
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Term
Aerodynamic Signs between Age and Gender |
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Definition
-men have higher air volume than woman -women have higher air flows than men |
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Term
Vocal Fold Closure Between Age and Gender |
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Definition
-adult males have complete closure -females and children often have glottal chink -Older adult males may have bowed pattern due to atrophy -vibratory patterns may deteriorate with age |
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Term
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Definition
-etiology:period of abuse or single episode -typically unilateral -3 types -usually in Reinke's Space -hoarseness, breathiness, roughness, reduce range -more females than males -usually require surgical removal |
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Term
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Definition
-organic change due to functional use -smoking, trauma, allergies -build up of fluid in entire vocal fold, pale in color -low or rough voice, lower than normal pitch (lower than normal fundamental frequency) -treatment is to fix underlying cause and voice therapy |
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Term
Physiological Signs Observable with Mirror or endoscope (no strob) |
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Definition
-VF Approximation (how they come together) -VF Movement (AD/ABduct) -Changes in Pyriform sinus to side of VF -Ventricular Folds above/side of VF -Anatomical malformations and cong anomolies -VF lengthening (vs shortening) -Involuntary activity (spasms or tremor) -Phonatory Apraxia (inability for voluntary acts) -normalacy of larynx -Vertical laryngeal position (how high it's sitting) |
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Term
Physiological Signs Observable with Stroboscopy |
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Definition
-**Degree of glottal closure (bowing, hourglass [nodules] shape) -Phase closure (amount of time open/closed) -**Mucosal wave (presence or absence) -Vibratory behavior -Amplitude of vibration (vertical distance from midline) |
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