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someone who finds fault or object for frivolous reasons
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1)the study of arguments
- established as a discipline by Aristotle
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| the study of the nature of human knowledge |
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| statement that readily follows a previous statement |
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word that contains several meanings
- misunderstanding results due to the inability to ascertain which meaning is intended
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| results when the grammatical structure of words make the meanings unclear |
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Proposal to assign a certian meaning to a word in a context
- Arbitrary- an invented word will carry a particular meaning (ex. "black holes"/acronyms)
- Restricting- ordinary word used in special, precise sense (ex. "poor" in a bill/ "intelligent" in IQ scores)
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| gives a general definition of the general meaning that a word carries for a group of language users. Contains the established usage of the word (lexical definition) |
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explains the meaning of a word by mentioning some instances of it.
- as far as extension is concerned, once we learn the range of application, we gain a clearer meaning
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when a definition cannot be directly stated, and objects, events, or characteristics are used to describe a word
- "snow" to a Ugandan/"green" to a blind person
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*(noun) kiss;a playful kiss
(verb) to kiss
[from the latin "basium" meaning kiss] |
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| N. Excessively fond of or submissive to a wife |
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| whether something is or is not the case |
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| Involves difference of opinion over what a crucial word means |
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| Interpretive Disagreement |
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| disputes concerning how events/actions should be construed |
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| Dispute whether something is good or not |
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(American Theory)
1. declares that a statement is true if it works. We can expect certian practical results to follow |
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| Coherence Theory of Truth |
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| If what we claim is consistent with other ideas that are true, then our claim is also true |
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| A statement is true if it accurately represents reality |
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Logic. A conclusion that is not relevant to the premises
2. a remark having no bearing on what was said |
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Attack made on the person, rather than the argument
1. Personal- character and behavior
2. circumstantial- postion(environmentalist/democrat...) |
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| Argument discredited because person doesn't practice what they preach |
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| Discrediting an argument based on its source, rather than its truth |
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| Argue for a point because of the authority, rather than the quality of the point |
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(Baculum is latin for stick)
Using scare tactics to frighten opponent into agreement |
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| Argumentum ad Misericordium |
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| something used to divert attention from the real issue |
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| Exaggerating, oversimplifying, or distorting the other person's views in order to set up an easy target |
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One side in an argument is placed where it cannot refute the other without discrediting itself
("women who support abortion are godless") |
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| Argumentum ad ignorantium |
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| assume a statement is true because it has not been proven false, or it is false because no one has proven it true |
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Broad claim to a specific conclusion
(all fish have gills
tuna are fish
therefore, tuna have gills) |
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drawing conclusions from particulars
(tuna have gills
therefore, all fish have gills) |
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1. dealing with a very profound, difficult or abstruse subject
2. beyond ordinary knowledge or understanding; esoteric |
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| 1. to move forward with a bounding or leaping motion |
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| pregnant or enlarged with something |
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1. Doctrine, introduced by skeptics, that certainty is impossible and probability suffices to govern faith and practice
2. (RC Church) in doubt of lawfulness of an action, permissible to follow sound opinion favoring its lawfulness |
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| refusing to argue or compromise; inflexible |
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Harmony
(L. concinnitas- mix of wine and grain drink) |
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1. pertaining to a struggle within a group
2. mutually destructive*
3) characterized by a great slaughter |
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a variety of a language used by a particular social group; a social dialect
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Intensive
(english grammar) |
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| word or element that emphasizes another word, as "himself" in "he himself" |
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| fabric made of goat's hair or camel's hair. Also, arab outer garment made of this type of fabric |
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abecedarian
(aabeeceedarian) |
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N. a beginner
Adj. elementary; primary |
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| straying from the right course |
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Type of abbreviation
1. read by the letter (GNP) unlike Acronym, which is read as a word (SCUBA)
-in everyday language, Acronym has absorbed initialism, and is now used to define both |
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