Term
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Definition
| smallest unit of most compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined (ex: sugar and flour at room temperature) |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules or the substances are evenly distributed |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution (ex: Salt when added to water; solute = salt; solvent = water) |
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Term
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Definition
| substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of water and non-dissolved materials |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement system used to indicate the concentration of Hydrogen Ions ions in solution; ranges from 0-14 |
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Term
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Definition
| small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers |
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Term
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Definition
| large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| macro molecule containing Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon and Phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
| macro molecule containing Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon and Phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
| ribonucleic acid; single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose |
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Term
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Definition
| macromolecule that contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| element or compound that enters or into a chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| element or compound produced by chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile off-spring |
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Term
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Definition
| group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area |
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Term
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Definition
| assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place together with their non-living environment |
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Term
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Definition
| group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compound; also called a producer |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which plants and some other organisms use light energyto convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that obtains energy by eating animals |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that obtains energy by eating animals |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that feeds on plants and animal remains and other dead matters |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten |
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Term
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Definition
| network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| step in a food chain or a food web |
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Term
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Definition
| step in a food chain or a food web |
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Term
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Definition
| diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web |
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Term
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Definition
| total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which water changes from a liquid into an atmospheric gas |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of water from a plant through its leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substance that an organism requires to live |
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Term
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Definition
| process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas |
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Term
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Definition
| rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| single nutrient that is either scarce or cycles very slowly limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place |
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Term
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Definition
| average year after year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region |
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Term
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Definition
| natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor and other gases |
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Term
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Definition
| cold climate zone where the sun's rays strike Earth at very low angle |
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Term
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Definition
| moderate climate zone between the polar zones and the tropics |
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Term
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Definition
| warm climate zone that receives direct or nearly direct sunlight almost year round |
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Term
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Definition
| biological influence on organisms within an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| physical or non-living factor that shapes an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| the area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it |
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Term
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Definition
| full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organisms lives and the way in which an organism uses those conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| any necessity of life, such as, water, nutrients, light, food or space |
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Term
| competitive exclusion principal |
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Definition
| ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship in which two species live closely together |
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Term
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Definition
| symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| symbiotic relationship lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists |
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Term
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Definition
| first species to populate an area during primary succession |
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Term
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Definition
| succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms capacity to grow or thrive when subjected to an unfavorable environmental factor |
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Term
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Definition
| climate within a small area that differs significantly from the climate of the surrounding areas |
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Term
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Definition
| dense covering formed by leafy tops of tall trees |
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Term
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Definition
| layer in a rainforest formed by shorter trees and vines |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to a tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to trees that produce seed bearing cones and thin leaves shaped like needles |
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Term
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Definition
| material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of permanently frozen subsoil in the tundra |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny free floating weakly swimming organisms that occur in an aquatic environment |
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Term
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Definition
| population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny animals that form part of the plankton |
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Term
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Definition
| ecosystem in which water eaither covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year |
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Term
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Definition
| wetlands formed where rivers meet the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| temperate-zone estuary dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line and by seagrasses under water |
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Term
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Definition
| particles of organic material that provide food for organisms at the base on an estuary's food web |
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Term
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Definition
| coastal wetland dominated by mangroves, salt-tolerant woody plants |
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Term
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Definition
| well-lit upper layer of the oceans |
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Term
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Definition
| permanently dark layer of the oceans below the photic zone |
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Term
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Definition
| marine zone that extends from the low-tide mark to the end of the continental shelf |
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Term
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Definition
| coastal ocean community named for its dominant orgaism -- kelp, a giant brown alga |
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Term
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Definition
| diverse and productive environment named for the coral animals that make up its primary structure |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that live attached to or near the ocean floor |
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Term
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Definition
| number of individuals per unit area |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of individuals out of an area |
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Term
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Definition
| growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate |
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Term
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Definition
| largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support |
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Term
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Definition
| factors that causes the growth of a population to decrease |
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Term
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Definition
| growth pattern in which a populations' growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth |
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Term
| density dependent limiting factor |
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Definition
| limiting factor that depends upon population size |
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Term
| density-independent limiting factor |
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Definition
| limitig factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size |
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Term
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Definition
| scientific study of human populations |
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Term
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Definition
| change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates |
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Term
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Definition
| graph of the numbers of males and females within different age groups of a population |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year |
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Term
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Definition
| development of highly productive crop strains and the use of modern agricultural techniques to increase yields of food crops |
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Term
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Definition
| resource that can regenerate quickly and that is replaceable |
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Term
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Definition
| resource that can not be replenished by natural processes |
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Term
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Definition
| using natural resources at a rate that does not deplete them |
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Term
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Definition
| wearing away of surface soil by water and wind |
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Term
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Definition
| in areas with dry climates, a process caused by a combination of poor farming practices, overgrazing and drought that turns productive land into desert |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| raising of aquatic organisms for human consumption |
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Term
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Definition
| gray-brown mixture of chemicals that occurs as a haze in the atmosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the land, air or water |
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Term
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Definition
| rain containing nitric and sulfuric acids |
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Term
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Definition
| biological diversity; the sum total of the variety of organismas in the biosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| variety of habitats, living communities, and ecologicalprocesses in the living world |
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Term
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Definition
| number of different species in the biosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| sum total of all the different forms of genetic information carried by all organisms living on Earth today |
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Term
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Definition
| disappearance of a species from all parts of its geographical range |
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Term
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Definition
| species whose population size is rapidly declining and will become extinct if the trend continues |
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Term
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Definition
| splitting of ecosystems into small fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web |
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Term
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Definition
| plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native |
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Term
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Definition
| wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife |
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Term
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Definition
| atmospheric layer in which ozone gas is relatively concentrated |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the average temperatures on Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| organism whose cells contain nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| single celled organisma lacking a nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotice cell |
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Term
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Definition
| material inside the cell membrane-- not including the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleaus of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| granular material visible within the nucleaus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins |
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Term
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Definition
| small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein |
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Term
| endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) |
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Definition
| internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembles and some proteins are modified |
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Term
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Definition
| stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds taht are more convenient for the cell to use |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
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Term
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Definition
| network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two tine structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| the mass of solute in a given volume of solution of mass/volume |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
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Term
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Definition
| when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout the solution |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| when the concentration of two solutions is the same |
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Term
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Definition
| when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| when comparing tow solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
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Term
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Definition
| energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf larg particles and take them into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a cell releases large amounts of material |
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Term
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Definition
| seperate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
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Term
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Definition
| group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions |
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Term
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Definition
| group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
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Term
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
|
Definition
| one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adenosine diphosphate - looks like ATP, except that it has two phosphate groups instead of three |
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Term
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Definition
| pricipal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy |
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Term
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Definition
| saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
| light-collecting units of the chloroplast |
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Term
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Definition
| region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts |
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Term
| NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) |
|
Definition
| one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules |
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Term
| light-dependent reactions |
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Definition
| reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH |
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Term
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Definition
| large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugars |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius |
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Term
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Definition
| first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| process that requires oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| process that does not require oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions; also known as the citric acid cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| determined by depth; zone between land and the coastal ocean zone in the ocean that is exposed to regular and extreme changes; the area is submerged once or twice a day with seawater; remainder of the time, it is subjected to air, sunlight and temperature changes |
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Term
| Factors for Aquatic Ecosystems |
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Definition
| Depth, flow, temperature and chemistry of the overlying water |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow wetlands along rivers that contain grasslike plants (not trees or shrubs) |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission electron microscopes - possible to explore cell structures and large protein molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| scanning electron microscopes - produces 3-D images of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Englishman that used compound microscope to look at a thin slice of a cork and named the chambers "cells" |
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Term
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Definition
| Holland - used a single-lens microscope to observe pond water and other living things, the microscope revealed tiny living organisms even in water |
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Term
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Definition
| Holland - used a single-lens microscope to observe pond water and other living things, the microscope revealed tiny living organisms even in water |
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Term
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Definition
| an experiment to find out if plants grew by taking material out of dry soil and planted a tree and observed for five years; it accounted for the water hydrating the tree and the soil mass did not change |
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Term
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Definition
| used a candle and mint under a glass jar and the mint was able to keep the candle burning... figured out there was something needed in air to keep candle burning |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon dioxide + water -->>> (light)-->> sugars + Oxygen or 6CO2 + 6H20 --(light)-->> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
|
Definition
oxygen + glucose -->>> carbon dioxide + water + energy
6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy |
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Term
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Definition
| created from all three sources: stored ATP, lactic acid fermentation and cellular respirations |
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Term
|
Definition
| created only by cellular respiration which releases energy more slowly which is why athletes must pace themselves |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tropical Rain Forest; Tropical Dry Forest; Tropical Savanna; Desert; Temperate Grassland; Temperate Woodland and Shrubland; Temperate Forest; Northwestern Coniferous Forest; Boreal Forest; Tundra |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual >> Population >> Community >> Ecosystem >> Biome >> Biosphere (P. 64) |
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Term
| Eight Characteristics of Living things |
|
Definition
| 1) made up of units called cells; 2) reproduce; 3) universal genetic code; 4) grow and develop; 5) obtain and use materials and energy; 6) respond to environment; 7) maintain a stable internal environment; 8) as a group, change over time |
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Term
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Definition
| organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world; also, the bodey of knowledge scientist have built after years of using this process |
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Term
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Definition
| factor in an experiment that the scientist wants to observe, which may change in the respons to the manipulated variable, also known as the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| a signal to which an organism responds; any kid of detectable signal that carries information |
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Term
|
Definition
| well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
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Term
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Definition
| use one or more of the senses, sight, hearing, touch, smell and sometimes taste- to gather information |
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Term
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Definition
| factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes -- also as an independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down as it carries out its' life processes |
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which two cells form from different parents/units to produce the first cell of a new organism |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesis (disproven) stating that life could evolve from non-living matter |
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Term
|
Definition
| decimal system of measurement based on certain physical standards and scaled by multiples of 10 |
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Term
|
Definition
| devices that produces magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the center of the atom which contain protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cells' genetic material (DNA) and controls the cells activities |
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Term
|
Definition
| positive charged particles in the center of an atom |
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Term
|
Definition
| electrically neutral particle that has the same mass as a proton and is found in the atom's nucleus |
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