Term
|
Definition
| an atomic arrangement that has an unequal number of protons and electrons, hence as a whole bears a charge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pulling force that an atom has on another atom's electrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an arrangement where an equal number of opposite charges is distributed unequally, which results in one region of the arrangement being positively charged and a counterbalancing region being negatively charged. (separation of charge) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the arrangement of atoms within molecules emerging from a collision is different than the arrangement entering the collision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the speed with which certain molecules must collide before they can undergo a chemical reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increase in the number of electrons in close association with an atom. (OIL RIG) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the generic name given to small molecules that can be linked together to form large molecules (macromolecules) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the generic name given to any molecule formed by linking together many small molecules (linking together many monomers). |
|
|
Term
| primary structure (of a protein) |
|
Definition
| a protein's specific sequence of linked amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| tertiary structure (of a protein) |
|
Definition
| the aspect of a protein's three-dimensional shape determined by interactions among the variable groups in the same chain with each other and with the surrounding water medium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any protein that acts as a catalyst for some specific chemical reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any protein that aids in the movement of a specific type of molecule across a cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enzyme that, in association with an existing single-sided DNA molecule being used as a template to position different deoxyribonucleotides, catalyzes the linking of one deoxyribonucleotide to another (forming DNA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enzyme that, in association with DNA being used as a template to position different ribonucleotides, catalyzes the linking of one ribonucleotide to another (forming RNA). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any segment of a DNA molecule that is transcribed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a segment of a two-sided DNA molecule that due to its sequence has the right shape for RNA polymerase to bind to and then initiate transcription. They designate the start of genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any segment of DNA that codes for a functional protein (is a protein recipe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the generic name given to the RNA molecule that results from the transcription of a protein gene. (the working copy of the protein recipe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the turning on or off of transcription of any gene within a genome. (The "choosing" of which gene to transcribe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the generic name given to any protein that can bind to DNA (at a regulatory sequence) and influence (either positively or negatively) RNA polymerase's ability to bind to a gene's promoter (and subsequently initiate transcription). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA molecules (made up of around 70-90 ribonucleotides) that play the role of translators during RNA translation. Can be loaded with only one type of amino acid and has a unique anticodon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in a cell's DNA sequence due to the substitution of one deoxyribonucleotide with another deoxyribonucleotide having a different nitrogenous base. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in a cell's DNA sequence due to the loss of one or more of the deoxyribonucleotides |
|
|
Term
| polyunsaturated fatty acid |
|
Definition
| any of a group of molecules that consists of an acid (carboxyl) group attached to a long hydrocarbon chain, in which not all of the carbons are covalently bonded to as many hydrogens as possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in concentration across distance (in biology, the term is used mostly to discuss a change in concentration across a membrane) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| net directional movement of some type of molecule across a membrane, where the movement is powered by the presence of a concentration gradient (movement from high to low), and the molecules cross simply because the membrane is permeable to this type of molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| net directional movement of some type of molecule across a membrane, where the movement is powered by the presence of a concentration gradient (movement from high to low), and the molecules cross the membrane with the aid of a channel protein or a permease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| net directional movement of some type of molecule across a membrane, where the movement goes against a concentration gradient so the movement is powered by some usable energy source supplied by the cell, and the molecules cross the membrane with the aid of a permease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diffusion of solvent molecules (water molecules) toward regions of higher osmotic concentration (hence regions of lower water concentration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a step-wise series of chemical reactions (outputs of one become inputs to the next), where each reaction is facilitated by a different enzyme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of metabolic pathways to rearrange atoms in molecules available to the cell into biologically useful molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process where molecular nitrogen (N2) is reduced to form ammonia (NH3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell able to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) to a three-carbon sugar (called glyceraldehyde) (can perform the Calvin cycle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell unable to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) to a three-carbon sugar, thus, must get their needed supply of simple sugars from autotrophic cells (via barter or theft) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any nutrient that must be included in an organism's diet if normal function is to continue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whenever a protein's function (whether it is turned on or off) is controlled by ligand-induced shape changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how cells use an external usable energy source, such as light or a high energy molecule, to make the two needed cellular fuels - ATP and NADPH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a molecule (base-group) that in comparison to another molecule does not hold onto certain electrons (or hydrogen atoms) as tightly, so (during a chemical reaction) more readily donates electrons (to this other molecule) than accepts electrons (from this other molecule) |
|
|
Term
| higher phosphorylation potential |
|
Definition
| a molecule (base-group) that in comparison to another molecule does not hold onto certain phosphates so tightly, so (during a chemical reaction) more readily donates a phosphate (to this other molecule) than accepts a phosphate (from this other molecule) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reduced form of NADP+ (NAD+ with an extra phosphate). Used as a hydrogen donor whenever hydrogens are added on to other molecules during biosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a molecule (an activated ribonucleotide) with both a phosphate to transfer and relatively high phosphorylation potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reduced form of NAD+. Used as an initial donor in respiring cells. |
|
|
