Term
|
Definition
| migration from a given place |
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Term
|
Definition
| migration to a given place |
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Term
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Definition
| periodic movement away from one place to another, and later return to the same place (predictable and regular) |
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Term
| animals can use habitats and foods seasonally - food: favorable food supply throughout year - reproduction - climatic considerations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| meaning 2 movements; migratory between fresh and salt waters |
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Term
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Definition
reproduce in sea - develop in FW, return to sea to reproduce (ex. american eel) |
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Term
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Definition
| reproduce in FW, develop in sea, return to FW to reproduce (ex. certain salmon, various shad species, herring) |
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Term
| cues (ex. photoperiod - day length) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cues that initiate process |
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Term
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Definition
| cue as a consequence (ex. adaptive or survival cue) |
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Term
| reproduction (same year after year) |
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Definition
| best proximate cue for migration |
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Term
| highly productive northern seas in summer, too cold in winter |
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Definition
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Term
| insectivorous, water birds, birds of prey |
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Definition
| why do birds migrate? (3) |
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Term
| bats, large herbivores, whales |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| for migrators, if very large range, may be ____________ in one part of range and a _____________ in another part of the range |
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Term
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Definition
| use landmarks like structures, odors, and sounds to help migrators know where they're going |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to head in certain compass direction without reference to landmarks (ex. use magnetic field, sun) |
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Term
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Definition
| orient to a particular place from a variety of locations...most complicated!!! - without use of landmarks or compasses - sun, stars, magnetic field, calculations |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors associated with reproduction |
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Term
- among groups
- pairs
- may be mutual male and female
- may feature one sex
- may be highly ritualized
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| production of offspring...maintain species from generation to generation |
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Term
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Definition
| courtship is best known in: |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the function of courtship in birds? |
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Term
| build nests, incubate eggs, and feed/care for young |
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Definition
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Term
| species and sexual recognition, inhibit aggression, warn intruders, stimulate readiness for sex, synchronize behaviors |
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Definition
| general functions of courtship in vertebrates (5): |
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Term
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Definition
| courtship is especially important in verts with (internal/external) fertilization? |
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Term
| proximate cues, photoperiod, H2O temp, etc. |
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Definition
| courtship behavior may be regulated by: |
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Term
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Definition
| pairing bond in which male and female are together for giving breeding season |
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Term
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Definition
| pairing bond in which an individual has two or more mates |
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Term
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Definition
| pairing bond with male and two or more females; predominant in gallinaceous birds |
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Term
|
Definition
| pairing bond with a female and two or more males |
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Term
| monogamy, polygamy, promiscuous |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a male and female's social living arrangement (ex. shared use of territory) without inferring any sexual interations or reproductive patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to two partners only having offspring with each other; DNA analyses can confirm that a female-male pair reproduce exclusively with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| verts are usually solitary except when ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| primitive grouping - temporary, little interaction, organization |
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Term
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Definition
| _____________ implies cohesiveness, interaction, structure, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-breeding social group (ex. black birds) |
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Term
|
Definition
| breeding group (ex. flamingos, gannets) |
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Term
| survive suboptimal conditions, defense, help to find partners, care of young/other parental functions, social facilitation |
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Definition
| advantages in social groups: |
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Term
| reduce fighting, maintain order |
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Definition
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|
Term
| mild or ritualized fighting displays (selection for communication), may be heavy fighting (pecking orders), must be re-established as others challenge |
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Definition
| how to establish social groups / hierarchies |
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Term
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Definition
| area over which an animal moves in daily activity |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
- area where an animal lives from day to day
- often overlap
- vary among species
[image]
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Term
|
Definition
- home range or part actively defended against conspecifics
- do not overlap
- often advertised -- displays, marking, singing
- found in all vert groups (reduces fighting, alleviates overcrowding)[image]
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Term
|
Definition
| hatched or born in an undeveloped state and requiring care and feeding by the parents |
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Term
|
Definition
| hatched or born in an advanced state and able to feed itself almost immediately |
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Term
|
Definition
-pinkies, completely dependent
-example - mammals - mice, rats, rabbits, etc, cat and dog family
-most small birds - song birds etc
-advantages: adults can search for food/hunt etc without young
-habitat: highly variable, but among mammals, areas with cover
-growth - faster |
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Term
|
Definition
- fur/feathers, eyes open, walk, etc.
- examples - mammals - ungulates, hares (more), reptiles
- gallinaceous birds, ducks, geese
- advantages - young can follow adults around, feed on their own, etc.
- habitat - highly variable - but among mammals - open country, grasslands, desert
- growth - slower
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Term
|
Definition
| what happens to the placenta in mammals (notable in nesters and non-nesters)? |
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Term
| it breaks or is chewed off |
|
Definition
| what happens to the umbilical cord in mammals? |
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Term
|
Definition
| featherless area; patch where heat is applied |
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Term
|
Definition
| application of heat to young |
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Term
|
Definition
| eggs are typically _______-shaped |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| egg layers - most fish, amphibians, reptiles (turtles, alligators), all birds, 3 mammals (ex. duck-billed platypus, long-beaked echidna, short-beaked echinda) |
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Term
|
Definition
| "born alive" - nourished by yolk sac, some chondricthyans, some amphibians, some reptiles |
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Term
|
Definition
| nourished via nutrients, gasses in blood of mother - some fish, some amphibians, some reptiles, no birds, all mammals, and with the placenta; WHAT WE ARE! |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| newly-hatched offspring in fish and some birds |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of eggs/young generally _______ from fishes to birds and mammals |
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Term
|
Definition
| most birds build a ________ |
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Term
| to hold eggs and hatchlings |
|
Definition
| what is the function of a nest? |
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Term
|
Definition
| where does a penguin incubate its egg? |
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Term
|
Definition
| shorebirds, including kill-deer and sandpipers, incubate eggs on the ________ |
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Term
|
Definition
| animals mate in what type of region? |
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Term
|
Definition
| funnel-like structure at the end of fallopian ducts near ovary |
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Term
|
Definition
| uternine body only, no horns, one cervix |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| no body, horns separate, one cervix |
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Term
|
Definition
| horns separate and two cervices |
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Term
|
Definition
| horns refer to ______ size |
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Term
|
Definition
| what type of uterus do humans, some other primates, and some bats have? |
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Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle tissue of the uterus |
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Term
|
Definition
| the mucous membrane lining the uterus, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo |
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Term
|
Definition
| the uterus is a _____-shaped structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| serves as the birth canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| shell gland empties into what structure? |
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Term
|
Definition
| oviduct, uterine tube, called ____________ in humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| in ectotherms, primary sex organs in males located where? |
|
|
Term
- high body temperature
- sperm sensitive to high temperatures
- testes located near air sacs in birds
- mammals: permanently abdominal
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|
Definition
| endotherms have a problem when it comes to male sex organs: |
|
|
Term
| scrotal (located in scrotum) |
|
Definition
| ungulates and primates male sex organs permanently ________ |
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|
Term
| eggs (ova) and sperm (spermatozoa) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the production or development of an ovum (ova); occurs in ovaries |
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Term
|
Definition
| production or development of mature spermatozoa; occurs in testes |
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Term
|
Definition
- paired in all
- some only one function: birds, only left ovary and oviduct functional
- some verts, both functional, but alternate side to side
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Term
|
Definition
| many bats and insectivores' _______ and _______ move close to the surface of the abdominal wall |
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Term
|
Definition
| most fishes and all amphibians have no copulatory organs because they have _______________ fertilization |
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Term
|
Definition
| copulatory organs in cartilaginous fish |
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Term
|
Definition
| an anal fin that is modified into an intromittent / copulatory organ in live-bearers (osteichthyes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| copulatory organs in reptiles (snakes and lizards) |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the cloaca more distal on males or females? |
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Term
|
Definition
| copulatory organs in alligators/crocodiles/turtles |
|
|
Term
| penis with erectile tissue (engorged with blood during sexual excitation) |
|
Definition
| copulatory organ in mammals |
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Term
|
Definition
| a bone found in the penis of most placental mammals; absent in humans, but present in other primates, such as the gorilla and chimpanzee; aids in sexual intercourse by maintaining sufficient stiffness during sexual penetration; aka os penis |
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Term
|
Definition
| mechanical structure that does not allow male to separate from female (on penis) -- ex. dogs |
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Term
|
Definition
| structure that does not allow sperm to come back out |
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Term
|
Definition
| copulatory plugs and lockers are related to "_____________"; an intra-species competition that has evolved among many animal groups "to help ensure" that a given male's sperm will do the fertilizing, and not that of a subsequent male |
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Term
|
Definition
| ovulation sparked by the presence of a male or the actual act of copulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| the release of mature eggs from the ovaries of a female |
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Term
|
Definition
| ovulation that results from processes endogenous to the female, independent of the presence of a male or copulation; at certain time |
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Term
|
Definition
| do most fishes and amphibians have induced or spontaneous ovulation? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| do reptiles have induced or spontaneous ovulation? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| do birds have induced or spontaneous ovulation? |
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Term
|
Definition
| do mammals have induced or spontaneous ovulation? |
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|
Term
| many rodents, primates (including humans), some carnivores |
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Definition
| examples of animals who experience spontaneous ovulation |
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|
Term
| cats, ferrets/weasels, some others NOTE: these are predators |
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Definition
| examples of animals who experience induced ovulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| how long is the gestation period of an elephant |
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Term
|
Definition
| a hormone secreted by the placenta that causes the cervix to dilate and prepares the uterus for the contractions during labor; relaxes ligaments in pelvic girdle to allow stretching for mammal's head to come through |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| gestation period of an opossum? virginia opossum? |
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Term
|
Definition
| gestation period of a mouse |
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Term
|
Definition
| robin uses what in construction? |
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|
Term
| down from thistles (very soft, but tough nest) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| woodpeckers, some others are ______-nesters |
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Term
|
Definition
| swifts build nests out of __________ secretions |
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Term
|
Definition
| fracturing of egg so bird can get out |
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Term
|
Definition
| bird that has left nest but is still dependent on adult; may not be able to fly |
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Term
|
Definition
| are the ovaries located inside the reproductive tract? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the lower portion of the oviduct of live-bearers modified to hold? |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| only scrotal during time of year when spermatogenesis occurs (most other times, testes are abdominal) |
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Term
|
Definition
| structure for sperm storage; close to surface; closely assocaited with testes; a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens |
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Term
|
Definition
| testes descend through this canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms with copulatory organs have ________ fertilization |
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Term
|
Definition
| means of sexual intercourse in birds when sperm is transmitted |
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Term
|
Definition
| semi-aquatic birds; cloacal protuberance (equivalent of a penis); more difficult to have cloacal kiss |
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Term
|
Definition
| a male and female are attracted to each other; a recurring period of sexual receptivity and fertility in many female mammals; heat |
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Term
|
Definition
| hollow ball of cells - becomes placenta; used in stem-cell research; a mammalian blastula in which some differentiation of cells has occurred; "floats" in uterus |
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|
Term
| winter time; time of year when energy and resources are low |
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Definition
| most stressful time for birds to incubate or for mammals to go through gestation |
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Term
|
Definition
| more than one litter per year; having more than one period of estrus per year |
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Term
|
Definition
| dictates when mammals copulate; the period during which an embryo develops |
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Term
|
Definition
| only one litter per year; having one estrous cycle per year |
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Term
| copulate in winter so offspring arrive in spring when little stress occurs |
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Definition
| example of a long gestation period |
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Term
|
Definition
| implies there's sperm storage |
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Term
|
Definition
| where is the sperm stored in delayed fertilization? |
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Term
|
Definition
| "afterbirth"; estrus with ovulation and corpus luteum production that occurs in some animals (the fur seal) immediately following the birth of the young |
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|
Term
| due to external fertilization |
|
Definition
| why is ovulation induced in fish and amphibians? |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what do some fish have on their head when they are born? |
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|
Term
| navel, belly-button, umbilicus |
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Definition
| the remnant of an umbilical cord |
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|
Term
| unorganized; birds (eagles, osprey) may add to them but they are used over and over |
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Definition
| are crude nests organizaed or unorganized? |
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|
Term
| go into ponds and streams and get wet to make own mud |
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Definition
| if robins cannot get mud from rain, they will do what? |
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Term
|
Definition
| a hard white protuberance on the beak or jaw of an embryo bird or reptile that is used for breaking out of the shell and is later lost |
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Term
|
Definition
| what type of mammal is an opossum? |
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Term
|
Definition
| a joint is also known as an |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of joints or arthrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mammals are usually born ________ |
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Term
|
Definition
| if a mammal (ex. whale) is born with its hind limbs first, it is called what? |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fingerlike projection at the end of the fallopian tube near the ovary |
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Term
|
Definition
| a dual-chambered protuberance of skin and muscle, containing the testicles and divided by a septum |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle that draws the testis closer to the body and reduces surface area |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle that pulls the testis away from the body and increases surface area |
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|
Term
- estrous cycle
- mating
- copulation
- ovulation
- fertilization (blastocyst)
- implantation
- gestation
- parturition
- lactation
|
|
Definition
| selected events of the reproductive cycle in mammals |
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Term
|
Definition
| a small mammal with a short gestation period is usually polyestrous or monoestrous? |
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Term
|
Definition
| an animal with a longer gestation period is usually polyestrous or monoestrous? |
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Term
|
Definition
| spring reproduction cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| fall to summer reproductive cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
|
with DI, ovulation and fertilization and development to blastocyst in typical sequence, then _______
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Term
|
Definition
| regular reproductive cycle in spring |
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|
Term
|
many bats, especially hibernators/insectivorous
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|
Definition
| delayed fertilization occurs mostly in: |
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|
Term
|
certain deer (not ours), many of weasel family, seals, others
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|
Definition
| delayed implantation occurs in: |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the estrous cycle is NOT the same as the ________ cycle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| which event of the reproductive cycle requires the most time? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what kinds/group of animals experience induced ovulation? |
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Term
|
Definition
| one behavior may lead to long chain of stimulus-response-stimulus-respone etc. (meaning the response acts as a _______) |
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|
Term
| response; stimulus for; sight of eggs lead to stimulus for protection, etc. |
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Definition
| may be leading to nest building (_______) nest (_________) fertilization (________________) |
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Term
|
Definition
| partners of a polygamous bird |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| familiarlarity --> know neighbors |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| members of different species |
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Term
|
Definition
| sexes are separate; having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
| A ___ ___ is an example of artificial brooding |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
males copulate with many females, or females copulate with many males
ex. superb bird of paradise |
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|
Term
| population pressure and habitat availability |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emigration and immigration often reflect _________, meaning permanent away from place of birth |
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|
Term
fossorial -- migrators
climbers -- migrators |
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Definition
|
|
Term
one primary for preparation, other initiates
- temp, lack of food, psycosocial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deposits egg; in most egg-laying vertebrates |
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Term
|
Definition
| having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual; hermaphrodite |
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