Term
|
Definition
| to look on specific features of the environment in a way that causes these features to become more deeply processed that those features that are not receiving our attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pay attention to a number of things at once |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focusing on specific objects and ignoring others |
|
|
Term
| Why is selective attention necessary? |
|
Definition
- without selective attention, the visual system would become rapidly overloaded with the information its receives from the retina
|
|
|
Term
|
Discuss how eye movements are related to selective attention |
|
Definition
- eye movement: Scanning a scene to aim the fovea at places we want to process more deeply.
- eye is moving constantly to take in information from different parts of a scene
|
|
|
Term
Factors that determines where a person looks in the visual system:
Scanning a Scene
Saccades and Fixation |
|
Definition
- Saccades are punctuated by pauses where the eye stops momentaily to take in information about a specific part of the the scene.
- Fixation, indicates where the person is attending to |
|
|
Term
Factors that determines where a person looks in the visual system:
Characteristics of the Scene
Stimulus Salience |
|
Definition
| - Stimulus salience: areas in the environment that stand out because they are brightly colored, have hight contrast or have high visible orientations |
|
|
Term
Factors that determines where a person looks in the visual system:
Characteristics of the Scene
Salience map
|
|
Definition
- Derrick Parkhurt created the salience map to determine whether observers' fixations were controlled by stimulus saliency as indicated by the map. He measured ppls fixations when presented with various pictures.
- He found that the intial fixations where closely associted with the saliency map, with fixations being more likely on high saliency areas. As people continued to viewthe pictures, other factors - such as the meanings of the objects in the pictures - apparently begin influencing scanning, especially for meaningful pictures. |
|
|
Term
Factors that determines where a person looks in the visual system:
Picture Meaning and Observer Knowledge
Scene Schema
|
|
Definition
- Once observer understands the meaning of a scene, then his or her knowledge of characteristics of a specific type of scene can influence the observer's eye movemente
- Scene Schema - knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes. |
|
|
Term
Factors that determines where a person looks in the visual system:
Observer's Task
|
|
Definition
- eye movement driven primarily by the task
- person doesn't fixate on objects or areas irrelevant to the task
- eye movement preced a motor action by a fraction of a second
|
|
|
Term
Perception can occur without attention
"gist" of the scene |
|
Definition
| when observers are shown a scene for just a fraction of a second - so they are perceiving the scene as a whole without having time to make any eye movement |
|
|
Term
Perception can occur without attention
Fei Fei Li Experiment
|
|
Definition
- asked subjec to focus their attention at the center of a display where 5 letters would be flashed
- Their task was to decide, as quickly as possible, whether all 5 letters were the same or not.
Almost immediately after the letters appeared, a photograph of an environmental scene was flashed off (27ms) folled by a mask at a different postion on each trial
- it shows that it might be possible to pay attention even when images are presented briefly and off to the side. However, because observers were required to focus attention on the letter discrimination task and did not know where the pictures would be flashed, it is likely that attention was nearly absent in these experiment, and that observers were not able to focus their attention of the evironmental scenes. It concludes that some perception is possible even in the absence of focused attention. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person is looking directly at it. |
|
|
Term
Inattentional Blindess
Experiment 1: Paying attention to the vertical and horizontal arms |
|
Definition
- Participants judge whether the horizontal or vertical arm is larger on each trial
- after a few a trials, a geometrical object is flashed, along with the arms (within the observer's field of clear vision)
- Participant is asked to pick which geometrical stimulus was presented - they are unable to do so.
|
|
|
Term
Inattentional Blindess
Experiment 2: Gorilla video |
|
Definition
- a 75s film that showed 2 teams of 3 players each, 1 team was passing a basketball around, and the other was guarding that team by following them around as in a basketball game
- observers were told to cound the numbers of passes, a task that focused their attention on one of the teams.
- after 45s one of the two events happened: a woman carrying an umbrella, or a person in a gorilla suit walked through the game
- Nearly half of the observers failed to notice the woman or the gorilla |
|
|
Term
Change Detection
Research |
|
Definition
- researchers presented one picture followed by a blank field, followed by the smae picture follwed by a blank field, followed by the same picture but with an item missing
- found that the pictures had to be alternated back and forth a number of times before the difference was detected. |
|
|
Term
Change Detection
Change Blindness |
|
Definition
It is the difficulty in detecting changes in scenes
|
|
|
Term
Change Detection
Change Blindness and Attention |
|
Definition
The importance of attention (or lack of it) in determining change blindness is demonstrated by the fact that when Rensink added a cue indicating which part of a scene had been changed, participants deteccted the changes much more quickly |
|
|
