Which of the following is a structure of the diencephalon?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
Which of the following structures within the medulla oblongata relay(s) information from the red nucleus and other midbrain nuclei, and from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum?
Definition
olivary nuclei
Term
Which of the following midbrain structures automatically processes incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands, and helps to maintain consciousness?
Definition
reticular activating system
Term
The hippocampus:
Definition
is important in learning, especially in the storage and retrieval of long-term memories.
(Recall that the hippocampus, a limbic system structure, is an elongate nucleus whose shape reminded early anatomists of a sea horse.)
Term
The primary visual cortex is found in which lobe of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
occipital lobe
Term
Which functional class of receptors is comprised of free nerve endings with large receptive fields and broad sensitivity, and consists of type A and type C fibers?
Definition
nociceptors
Term
Tactile corpuscles are not/do not/cannot:
Definition
respond to pain and temperature stimuli, in addition to tactile stimuli.
Term
Which somatic sensory pathway carries crude touch and pressure sensations?
Definition
Term
The tectospinal tract:
Definition
contains axons that direct reflexive changes in the position of the head, neck, and upper limbs in response to bright lights, sudden movements, or loud noises.
Term
Which statement regarding the effect of the basal nuclei on somatic motor control is true?
Definition
They modify voluntary and reflexive motor patterns at the subconscious level.
Term
Which ventricular structure of the brain begins in the metencephalon and extends into the superior portion of the medulla oblongata?
Definition
fourth ventricle
Term
Which hypothalamic structure(s) coordinate(s) day-night cycles of activity/inactivity?
Definition
suprachiastmatic nucleus
Term
Which of the following is the most substantial and important band of commissural fibers?
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
Which of the following are high-frequency brain waves typical of individuals who are either concentrating on a task, under stress, or in a state of psychological tension?
Definition
beta waves
Term
Which general sensory receptors are the most structurally and functionally complex?
Definition
proprioceptors
Term
In which disorder do the basal nuclei become more active, raising muscle tone and producing rigidity and stiffness?
Definition
Parkinson disease
Term
The internal passageway of the neural tube is called the __________.
Definition
neurocoel
Term
In the brain stem, the reticular __________ is a loosely organized mass of gray matter that contains embedded nuclei and centers that regulate vital autonomic functions.
Definition
formation
Term
The major components of the limbic system in the cerebrum are the __________ and parahippocampal gyri, which form the superior and inferior portions of the limbic lobe, respectively.
Definition
cingulate
Term
The medial globus pallidus and the lateral putamen comprise the __________ nucleus of the basal ganglia.
Definition
lentiform
Term
The __________ gyrus contains the primary motor cortex.
Definition
precentral
Term
Of the functional regions of the cerebrum, the general __________ area receives information from all the sensory association areas.
Definition
interpretive
Term
The external branch of the accessory nerve (CN XI) innervates the sternocleidomastoid and __________ muscles.
Definition
trapezius
Term
The __________ lemniscus is a tract leading from the nucleus gracilis/nucleus cuneatus to the thalamus.
Definition
medial
Term
In the lateral pathway, the __________ nucleus receives information from the cerebrum and cerebellum and adjusts upper limb position and background muscle tone.
Definition
red
Term
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Definition
The parasympathetic division axons emerge from the thoracic and superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
Term
Which parasympathetic ganglion sends postganglionic fibers to innervate the parotid salivary glands?
Definition
otic ganglion
Term
Which statement regarding membrane receptors at the target organs is false?
Definition
Adrenergic β3 receptors are involved with cardiac muscle stimulation and increased tissue metabolism.
Term
Characteristics of the sympathetic division of the ANS include:
Definition
short preganglionic fibers.
Term
Inferior mesenteric ganglion axons innervate which of the following?
Definition
kidney
Term
Functionally, the parasympathetic division of the ANS:
Definition
causes increased insulin secretion by the pancreas.
Term
Which visceral reflex(es), stimulated by pressure and physical contact, occur(s) via vagus nerve innervation?
Definition
gastric and intestinal reflexes
Term
Chemoreceptors of carotid bodies:
Definition
are sensitive to changes in the pH, Pco2, and Po2 in arterial blood.
Term
Which structure is considered the sympathetic and parasympathetic headquarters?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
Which of the following is a functional effect of sympathetic activation?
Definition
glycogen breakdown in the muscular system
Term
What is the extensive network of neurons and nerve networks located in the walls of the digestive tract known as?
Definition
enteric nervous system
Term
In the parasympathetic division of the ANS, where do the pelvic nerves synapse?
Definition
intramural ganglia
Term
Which statement regarding innervation in the parasympathetic division is false?
[image]
[image]
Definition
The facial nerve alone provides approximately 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow.
Term
Which is true regarding muscarinic receptors?
Definition
They are located at cholinergic neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions.
Term
Which of the following is not an effect produced by activation of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Definition
accelerated breakdown of glycogen in muscle and liver cells
Term
An increase in heart rate to maximum levels will occur with:
Definition
increased sympathetic stimulation combined with parasympathetic inhibition.
Term
Which sympathetic visceral reflex is coordinated in the medulla oblongata?
Definition
vasomotor reflex
Term
The neurons in the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata monitor:
Definition
pH and PCO2 in CSF.
Term
In the autonomic nervous system:
Definition
axons of preganglionic neurons leave the CNS and synapse on visceral motor neurons in peripheral ganglia.
Term
In the sympathetic division of the ANS, the axons of __________ and __________ neurons are short and long, respectively.
Definition
preganglionic
postganglionic
Term
In the parasympathetic division of the ANS, a typical preganglionic fiber synapses on six to eight ganglionic neurons, which may be situated in terminal or __________ ganglia, which are located near the target organ, or embedded in the tissues of the target organ, respectively.
Definition
intramural
Term
__________ fibers innervating structures in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and lungs, form(s) bundles known as sympathetic nerves.
Definition
Postganglionic
Term
The two types of cholinergic receptors that occur on the postsynaptic membranes are the __________ and nicotinic receptors.
Definition
muscarinic
Term
The parasympathetic division of the ANS has been called the __________ system because its stimulation leads to a general increase in the nutrient content of the blood.
Definition
anabolic
Term
In the eye, the pupils are __________ and __________ , respectively, under sympathetic and parasympathetic activation.
Definition
dilated
constricted
Term
Visceral sensory information is collected by __________ monitoring visceral tissues and organs.
Definition
interoceptors
Term
More complex sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes are coordinated by processing centers in the __________.
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
Which statement regarding olfactory organs is false?
Definition
Olfactory organs are made up of four layers.
Term
To which taste sensation are humans the most sensitive?
Definition
bitter
Term
A typical gustatory cell survives for about how long before it is replaced?
Definition
10 days
Term
The vestibular complex does not include the:
Definition
cochlear duct.
Term
Which structure is firmly attached to the inner wall of the cochlear duct?
Definition
tectorial membrane
Term
Reflexive motor commands issued by the vestibular nuclei are distributed to motor nuclei for which cranial nerves?
Definition
III, IV, VI, XI
Term
Which of the following gustatory receptors do not rely on the activation of second messengers to stimulate release of chemical neurotransmitters?
Definition
sour
Term
When dissolved chemicals contact the dendritic processes of olfactory receptors, what occurs?
Definition
depolarization
Term
The hair cell processes of the utricle and saccule are embedded in a gelatinous mass whose surface contains densely packed calcium carbonate crystals called:
Definition
statoconia.
Term
Which gustatory receptors appear to be especially concentrated in the pharynx?
Definition
water
Term
Hair cells are not/do not:
Definition
in direct contact with the external environment.
Term
During the process of olfaction, the binding of an odorant to its receptor protein leads to the activation of __________.
Definition
adenylyl cylclase
Term
For one to be able to hear a sound, one's tympanic membrane must __________ in resonance with the sound waves.
Definition
vibrate
Term
Hair cells along the __________ membrane are the receptors for the sense of hearing.
