Term
| Center-Surround Receptive Field |
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Definition
| Receptive field of retinal ganglion cells; contains an area which results in opposite effects in the center of the field versus the surround |
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Term
| 4 basic types of center-surround receptive fields in ganglion cells |
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Definition
| Yellow-Blue, Blue-yellow, Red-green, Green-red |
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Term
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Definition
| Form transduction molecules in photoreceptors |
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Term
| What cells are Rhodopsin found in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of lateral inhibition in the retina? |
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Definition
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Term
| What receptive cell is concentrated in the fovea? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the importance of the high concentration of cones in the fovea? |
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Definition
| It suggests that cones are involved in high acuity vision |
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Term
| To what part of the Thalamus do the optic tracts primarily project? |
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Definition
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) |
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Term
| How is the LGN arranged with regard to the input from each eye? |
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Definition
| Input from each eye is segregated into separate layers |
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Term
| Describe the ocular dominance columns |
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Definition
| Columns of cells in the primary visual cortex that receive input primary from one eye |
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Term
| How were the ocular dominance columns discovered? |
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Definition
| Monocular deprivation in cats |
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Term
| Where is there low convergence in the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is there high convergence in the eye? |
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Definition
| The periphery of he retina |
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Term
| What is the purpose of ossicles? |
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Definition
| To amplify vibrations of the tympanic membrane |
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Term
| What is the consequence of prolonged exposure to very loud sounds? |
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Definition
| Compensatory changes reduce the amplification produced by the ossicles to prevent damage to the tympanic membrane and the inner ear |
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Term
| What is the relationship of the 3 main perceptual dimensions of sound to the 3 main physical dimensions of sound waves? |
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Definition
| Amplification= Loudness, Frequency=Pitch, Complexity=Timbre |
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Term
| What range of sound frequencies are perceived towards the apex of the cochlea? |
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Definition
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Term
| What range of sound frequencies are perceived towards the base of the cochlea? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the basilar membrane vary in stiffness? |
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Definition
| Reduced stiffness increases the amplitude of low frequency deflections, increasing the sensitivity for detecting low frequency sounds |
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Term
| What is the main function of inner hair cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main function of outer hair cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mechanism of transduction in hair cells? |
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Definition
| Cilia movement causes tip links to change degree of orientation causing ion channels to open and close |
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Term
| How are sources of sounds localized? |
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Definition
| Using interaural phase differences and intensity differences |
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Term
| What is meant by the term "tonotopic organization"? |
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Definition
| Spatial representation of sound frequencies in order from low to high so that location represents frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| A passive process that allows physical detection of stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| An active process by which we are aware of stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Bony pockets in the front of the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| The white tissue of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucus membranes that line the eyelid and protect the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Cooperative movements of the eyes; ensures object falls on identical portions of both retinas |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid, jerky movements of the eye; used in scanning a visual scene |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement the eyes make to maintain an image of a moving object on the fovea |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in the thickness of the lens, accomplished by the ciliary muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects Photoreceptors to ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives visual information from bipolar cells and its axons give rise to the optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron that interconnect adjacent photoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Interconnects adjacent ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin plates of membrane containing photopigments found in photoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| A G-protein activated when a photon strikes a pigment; activates phosphodiesterase which closes cation channels in the photoreceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| Cones; high acuity vision; low convergence |
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Term
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Definition
| Rods; high sensitivity/low acuity vision; poor color vision; high convergence |
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Term
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Definition
| Two inner layers of the LGN; perception of gross detail of form, movement, depth, and small differences in brightness |
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Term
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Definition
| The four outer layers of the LGN; perception of color and fine details of form |
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Term
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Definition
| Sublayers of the LGN ventral to each magnocellular and parvocellular layer; transmits information from blue cones to the primary visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cross-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located anterior to the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Fissure on the inner surface of the posterior cerebral cortex; location of primary visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic color defect; red cones are filled with green cone opsin |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic color defect; green cones are filled with red cone opsin |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic color defect; blue cones are either lacking or faulty |
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Term
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Definition
| Orientation-sensitive neuron in the striate cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron in the visual cortex that responds to the presence of a line segment with a particular orientation located within its receptive field |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron in the visual cortex that responds to the presence of a line segment with a particular orientation that ends at a particular point |
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Term
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Definition
| Object located at different distances will project on slightly different locations on the two retinas; provides basis for depth perception |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual association cortex; receives fibers from striate and superior colliculi; projects to inferior temporal cortex |
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Term
| Visual association cortex |
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Definition
| Respond to particular features of visual stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Highest level of the ventral stream of the visual association cortex; located on the inferior portion of the temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in perception of motion and position |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in perception of form, color, and identification of specific objects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Blindness caused by damage to the optic radiations or primary visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a person to reach for objects located in their "blind" field; occurs after damage restricted the primary visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to discriminate among different hues; caused by damage to the visual association cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to perceive or identify an object by means of a particular sensory modality |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficits in visual perception in the absence of blindness |
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Term
| Aperceptive visual agnosia |
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Definition
| Failure to perceive objects by shape, visual acuity is normal |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure to recognize certain people by the sight of their face |
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Term
| Associative visual agnosia |
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Definition
| Inability to identify objects that are perceived visually. even though the form of the perceived object can be drawn or matched with similar objects |
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Term
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Definition
| Syndrome caused by bilateral damage to the parieto-occipital region; includes optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, and simultanagnosia |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty reaching for objects under visual guidance |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty in visual scanning |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty in perceiving more than one object at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| The external ear we can see; collects sound from the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| The eardrum; vibrates when stimulated by sound waves |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The "hammer," first of the three ossicles; attached to the tympanic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| The "anvil"; located between the malleus and stapes |
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Term
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Definition
| The "stirrup"; the third ossicle attached to the oval window of the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| The snail-shaped, fluid filled, structure of the inner ear; contains basilar movement and the auditory receptor hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The membrane against which the baseplate of the stapes presses, transmitting sound vibrations into the fluid-filled cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the organ of Corti |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the round window |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptive organ on the basilar membrane; contains auditory hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Supporting cell in the organ of corti; sustains auditory hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The membrane in scala media, beneath hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane above the basilar membrane against which the auditory hair cells move |
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Term
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Definition
| The membrane that permits vibrations to be transmitted, via the oval window, into the fluid of the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| A hair-like appendage of a cell involved in movement or transducing sensory information; found on the receptors in he auditory and vestibular system |
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Term
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Definition
| An elastic filament that attaches the tip of one cilium to the side of the adjacent cilium |
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Term
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Definition
| The point of attachment of a tiplink to a cilium; contains a transient receptor potential cation channel |
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Term
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Definition
| Most ascending projections; transmit frequency detection |
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Term
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Definition
| Amplify deflections of the tectorial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of the eight cranial nerves; the branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory information from the cochlea to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| A bundle of efferent axons that travel from the olivary complex of the medulla to the auditory hair cells on the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| One of a group of nuclei in the medulla that receive auditory information from the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of nuclei in the medulla; involved with auditory functions, including localization of the sound source |
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Term
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Definition
| A band of fibers running rostrally through the medulla and pons; carries fibers of the auditory system |
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Term
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Definition
| Early descriptions of the auditory cortex described a tonotopic organization; there are actually multiple tonotopic representations in the core region, the belt region and the parabelt region |
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Term
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Definition
| The first level of auditory association cortex; surrounds the primary auditory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| The second level of auditory association cortex; surrounds the belt region |
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Term
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Definition
| Towards parietal cortex, involved in sound localization |
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Term
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Definition
| Towards temporal pole, involved in analysis of complex sounds |
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Term
| What does the somatosensory homunculus represent? |
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Definition
| The relative proportion of cortex devoted to different parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to recognize object by touch |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to recognize one's own body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to ignore one side of the body |
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Term
| In the vestibular system, what is perceived in the utricle/saccule? |
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Definition
| Changes in the tilt of the head (relative to gravity) |
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Term
| In the vestibular system, what is perceived in the ampulla? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium carbonate crystals in the otolithic membrane of the vestibular sacs |
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Term
| What type of somatosensory information is transmitted primarily by the Anterolateral system? |
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Definition
| Temperature, nocioceptive information |
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Term
| What type of somatosensory information is transmitted primarily by the dorsal-column medial lemniscus system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main sensory receptors involved in proprioception and spinal reflexes? |
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Definition
| Muscle spindal, Golgi tendon organ |
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Term
| Which reflex is mediated by the muscle spindal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which reflex is mediated by the golgi tendon organ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Somatosensory perception of external stimuli; cutaneous senses |
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Term
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Definition
| Somatosensory perception of internal states, including proprioception |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of body position and movements, including muscle length and tension, joint angle, and vestibular sensation |
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Term
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Definition
| Somatosensory perception involving the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of the body's own movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Somatosensory perception involving internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium carbonate crystals in the otolithic membrane of the vestibular sacs |
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Term
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Definition
| The membrane overlying the hair cells of he vestibular sacs, supported by a filamentous base |
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