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| Electromagnetic radiation that comes in very small packets |
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Each quantum can be described by the distance between two adjacent crests of vibratory activity
Long wavelength = slow frequency = red
Short wavelength = fast frequency = blue |
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Discrete particles of energy, traveling as waves of energy
The human visual system responds only to quanta whose wavelengths lies within a very narrow section of the total electomagnetic range |
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| the circular, donut-shaped, bands of contractile tissue that gives our eyes its charachteristic coor |
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The hole formed in the iris that allows light to enter the eye
- Adjustment of pupil size in response to changes in illumination
- Sensitivity: the ability to detect the presence of object
- Acuity: the ability to see details of object
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| the transparent outer layer of the eye, whose curvation is fixed, bends light rays, and is primarily responsible for forming the image on the retina |
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| The transparent structure behind the pupil that focuses light on the retina |
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muscles that control the shape of the lens
- Accomodation: when an object is close, the muscle tension is adjusted so that the lens becomes more cylindrical in shape and the object comes inot sharper focus. When object is distant, the muscles flatten the lens to focus on the object
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the slightly difference between the views from the two eyes
- important for depth perception
- differ in all species depending on the field of view they need
- Ex: lions and deer eyes
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| the receptive surface inside the eye that contains rods and cones |
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| a small depression in the retina that has a dense concentration of cones and maximal visual acuity |
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| the bundle of ganglion cell axons that extend from the retina to the optic chaism |
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| the region of the retina devoid of receptor cells because the ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there, which leads to a Blind Spot |
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the rods and cones
- Rod-shaped receptors
- Cone-shaped receptors
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| interneurons that pass information from receptors to the ganglion cells |
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| communicates laterally between receptors and bipolar cells |
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| communicate laterally between bipolar cells and ganglion cells |
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| whose axons form the optic nerves |
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- Transduction: the conversion of one form of energy to another
- The conversion of light to neural signals by the visual receptors
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| the photopigment within the outer segment that absorbs light |
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| Retina-Geniculate-Striate-Pathways |
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| the major visual pathways from retina to the straite cortex (primary visual cortex) via the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus |
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- Each level of the system is organized like a map of the retina
- Both the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and the primary visual cortex are retinotopically organized
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Parvocellular Layer
(P Layers) |
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- layers 3-6
- composed of neurons with small cell bodies
- sensitive to color and fine detail and stationary or slowly moving objects
- cones provide the majority of input
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Magnocellular Layers
(M Layers) |
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- Layers 1 and 2
- Composed of neurons with large cell bodies
- Responsive to movement
- Rodes provide the majority of input
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The phenomenon by which interconnected neurons inhibit their nieghbors, enhancing the contrast at the edge of a region
- Mach Band Effect
- Darker shades of color next to lighter shades of color
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| the area of the visual field within which it is possible for a visual stimulas to influence the firing of a visual neuron |
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| On-Center/Off-Surround Cells |
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| concentric receptive field in which stimuli in the center excites the cell of interest while stimuli in the surrond inhibits the cell |
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