Term
| characterized by red blotchy rash that appears around day three of the illness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of spots are seen with measles? |
|
Definition
| Koplik spots (small white spots that occur on the inside of the cheeks early in the course of measles) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| True influenza is an acute infectious disease cause by a member of the ____________ family. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What influenza virus types are major outbreaks usually associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of influenza causes the most severe symptoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells does the influenza virus infect? |
|
Definition
| epithelial cells of the respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
| Why do the epithelial cells in the respiratory tract die due to the influenza virus? |
|
Definition
-direct effects of the virus on the cell
-effects of interferon
-actions of cytotoxic T cells |
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|
Term
| Antigenic drift is due to _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies to which protein are most important in protection from the influenza virus? |
|
Definition
HA
(NA plays only slight role) |
|
|
Term
| accumulation of mutations and changes such that an individual immune to the original strain is not immune to another one |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from antigenic drift? |
|
Definition
| sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics |
|
|
Term
| Antigenic shift is due to _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from antigenic shift? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| new HA and/or NA are found in the circulating viral strains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
|
Definition
respiratory distress
cough, rhinitis, wheezing, fever |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading viral pathogen associated with childhood acute respiratory tract illness requiring hospitalization, especially in those younger than 1 year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most commonly used diagnostic strategy for RSV? |
|
Definition
| rapid RSV test for antigen or nucleic acid detection |
|
|
Term
| What is a routine collection for testing for RSV? |
|
Definition
| nasopharyngeal aspirate or nasal swab |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of pneumonia in infants less than 6 months old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| salivary gland enlargement with release of amylase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| possible complications of mumps |
|
Definition
meningitis
orchitis (may lead to infertility) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgM response to viral infections |
|
Definition
peaks within 7-10 days
declines within 1-2 months |
|
|
Term
| IgG response to viral infections |
|
Definition
occurs after IgM
lifelong at reduced steady levels
may be below assay detection level |
|
|
Term
| clinical significance of antibody response |
|
Definition
get acute sample for baseline IgG level
get convalescent sample (10-21 days later)
fourfold rise in titer is significant |
|
|
Term
| serodiagnosis in congenitally infected fetuses |
|
Definition
| produce IgM (early) and IgG (later) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-crosses the placenta
-most of fetal IgG is maternal
-cannot differentiate maternal from infant IgG |
|
|
Term
| What do serial samples of IgG in infants show? |
|
Definition
steady decline in maternal IgG
increase or persistence of infant IgG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only reliable evidence for acute rubella? |
|
Definition
-positive rubella-specific IgM antibody
-significant (greater than fourfold) rise in IgG antibody from acute and convalescent sera
-positive viral culture for rubella
-detection of the virus by RT-PCR |
|
|
Term
| How long after rash onset should blood be drawn for rubella IgM antibody? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should blood be drawn for acute rubella IgG antibody? |
|
Definition
| as early as possible when rubella infection is suspected |
|
|
Term
| How long after the acute rubella IgG blood draw should the convalescent one be done? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What antibody cannot cross the placenta and is therefore indicative of a congenital infection in the newborn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a rising IgG indicate in a newborn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a falling IgG indicate in a newborn? |
|
Definition
| passively acquired antibody |
|
|
Term
| Why is a prenatal rubella screen done? |
|
Definition
| to prevent infections of pregnant women and neonates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
single sample IgG antibodies
determines immune status (susceptibility) of the mother
EIA procedure |
|
|
Term
| interpretation of prenatal rubella screen |
|
Definition
negative--no antibody (susceptible)
positive--antibody detected (past infection or immunization) |
|
|
Term
| inflammation of the gray spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formalin-killed preparation of normal wild type polio virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| live attenuated polio vaccine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| current recommendation for polio vaccine |
|
Definition
all-inactivated (Salk) poliovirus vaccine (IPV)
4 doses (2 mo, 4 mo, 6-18 mo, 4-6 yrs) |
|
|
Term
| What type of polio vaccine has not been used in the US since 2000 but is still used in many parts of the world? |
|
Definition
| oral (Sabin) live attenuated |
|
|
Term
| What are the initial screening tests done for HIV diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the confirmation test done for HIV diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test can detect HIV in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an early marker for HIV infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What measure is used in laboratory diagnosis of HIV and correlates to HIV infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the presence of HIV-1 antibodies (any level) indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a positive HIV-1 antibody test not do? |
|
Definition
-confirm active disease (AIDS)
-indicate protection |
|
|
Term
| order of markers in a typical serological profile for HIV |
|
Definition
| p24-->IgM antibody-->IgG antibody-->p24 |
|
|
Term
| What diseases are associated with HIV? |
|
Definition
AIDS
opportunistic infections
malignancies |
|
|
Term
| What virus have most kids had by the time they are 5 years old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea in infants and young children? |
|
Definition
| rotavirus gastroenteritis |
|
|
Term
| When are rotavirus infections common in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmission of rotavirus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of diarrhea in infants less than 3 years old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common causes of viral meningitis? |
|
Definition
enteroviruses
herpesviruses
HIV |
|
|
Term
| What type of meningitis can HIV cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of viruses are coxsackieviruses and echoviruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What viruses account for approximately half of cases of aseptic meningitis? |
|
Definition
coxsackieviruses
echoviruses |
|
|
Term
| When does the incidence of viral meningitis infections increase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmission of enteroviruses |
|
Definition
hand-to-mouth contact
respiratory route
fecal route |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
childhood rhinitis, sore throat
conjunctivitis
epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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