Term
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Definition
| a substance derived from food that is used by the body to carry out all its normal functions OR any substance that when ingested, supports life |
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Term
| 6 categories of nutrients |
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Definition
| water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals |
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Term
| which of the 6 cat. of nutrients produce energy when consumed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine triphosphate - the chemical energy used by cells, made by breaking down into smaller molecules the nutrients derived from eating and, along w/ oxygen, to make ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| the amt of energy that can be acquired from nutrient molecules is measured in kilocalories (kcal). also called Calories. A kcal is the amt of energy it takesto raise the temp of a kg of water 1 degree. |
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Term
| 3 types of carbohydrates/dietary sources |
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Definition
Sugars - simple carbs (monosaccharides and disaccharides) found in fruit, honey, sugar cane, sugar beets, and immature vegetables
Starches - complex carbs (ploysaccharides) found in grains, nuts, rice, and root vegatables, such as potatoes and legumes
Cellulose - complex carbs (ploysaccharides) found in most vegetables |
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Term
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Definition
| meat, dairy products, soybeans, green leafy plants,eggs |
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Term
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Definition
neutral fats - when fat is made in teh body, 3 chains of fatty acid molecules are attached to a single molecule of glycerol (a modified simple sugar), resulting in a molecule that looks like the letter E. because there are 3 fatty acids in each molecule of fat, neutral fats arre called triglycerides or triacylglycerols.
Saturated - meat, milk, cheese, cream, butter, coconuts
unsaturated - veg oils, olive, safflower
phospholipids - plasma membranes in plant and animal cells
steroids - eggs, butter and cream, snaiml fat, some chemical insecticides in the environment
Cholesterol
Other lipoid substances - dk grn leafy veg, root veg, some animal sources
fat-soluble vitamins
Eicosanoids (regulatory molecules derived from arachidonic acid) prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes
lipoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Not only by ingesting food and drink but also by oxidizing proteins, fats, and carbs. This metabolic source of water accounts for about 10% of the daily water requirement, although this is higher in desert animals and birds. |
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Term
% water for mammals (adult/newborn)
% loss with consequences |
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Definition
mammals consist of ~ 70% water (newborns ~ 75 - 80%, adults ~ 50 - 60%)
even tho an animal can survive the loss of almost all body fat and half its protein, a loss of as little as 10% water can cause serious illness and 15% loss is fatal w/o immediate tx |
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Term
| estimating replacement fluids |
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Definition
| body wt (kg) x % Dehydration x 1000 = fluid deficit (ml) |
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Term
| estimating maint fluid needs |
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Definition
to maintain a healthy, inactive animal is
2.5ml/kg/hr or 60 ml/kg/day |
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Term
| estimating ongoing fluid losses |
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Definition
| sick animals lose fluid in many ways, thus ongoing fluid loss challenge to estimate. Rule of thumb is amt of fluid loss is often twice what you might think ex: if a dog vomits 50 ml, actual loss to animal is prob 100 ml |
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Term
| estimating total fluid (TF)needs in a sick animal |
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Definition
| the toal amt of fluid needed in a sick animal is calculated by adding the replacement fluids (RF) to the maint fluids (MF) and the ongoing fluid (OF) losses TF = RF + MF + OF |
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Term
% dehdyrated
No signs detectable |
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Definition
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Term
% dehdyrated
skin slightly inelastic and doughy |
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Definition
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Term
% dehydrated
animal is recumbant and in shock; death is imminent |
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Definition
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Term
% dehydrated
skin remains "tented" when pinched; eyes are sunken in rbits; gums are dry; capillary refill time of blanched gums is delayed; animal is depressed and weak |
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Definition
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Term
% dehydrated
skin has lost elasticity; gums are tacky; eyes are sl sunken in; animal is subdued |
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Definition
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Term
| uses for water in the body |
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Definition
| involved in almost all of the metabolic processes of the body. major component of blood and found inside all cells (intracellular) as wel as outside (extracellular). lubricant for body tissues, circulatory and transport mediu,, chmical reactant in digestion (hydrolysis). excreted as sweat and evaporated during panting to assist in temp reg. medium in which biochemical rxns of metabolism occur, such as those involved in the growth, repair and maint of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the fundamental building block molecule that results from breaking down large molecules of carbs. used by the cell to make other molecules. A monosaccharide, which is the simplist and smallest form of dietary carbs. Fructose and galactose are also derived from the digestion of carbs but these monosacc. are converted by the liver into glucose before they enter the general circ. Even temp decreases of glucose can severely depress brain fxn and lead to the death of neurons. Endocrine system regulates glucose by releasing glucose-controlling hormoes from the pancreas. Glucose not immed. used by cells is converted to glycogen and stored in liver or coverted to fat and stored in adipose tissue throughout body |
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Term
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Definition
| the process through which glucose makes ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids that are solid at room temp are called fats, lipids that are liquid at room temp are called oils, dietary fats are pri made of triglycerides, composed of 3 fatty acids held together by a molecule of glycerol. Lipids have 1 - 3 molecules of fatty acids, are highly digestible, and have twice the caloric density of a similar quantity of carbs or proteins. |
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Term
| What is the most important nutrient? |
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Definition
| Water because it is essential for almost every chemical rxn - digestion (hydrolysis) of carbs, proteins and fats, transport of solutes/gases, temp reg, lubrication of joints and eyes, electrolyte balance |
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Term
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Definition
| can be synthesized from other sources. Both of equal importance in physiologic processes |
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Term
| What are the building blocks for protein? |
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Definition
| Amino acids are the building blocks for plant and animal protein |
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Term
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Definition
| any organic compound containing the amino and carboxyl group. (amino acids are composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group and a variety of side chains {R groups}) occur maturally in plant and animal tiise, cheif constituents of protein |
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Term
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Definition
| long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. there are roughly 22 known amino acid groups but they can be arranged in a countless number of ways. proteins are the prinicple structural component of all body organs and tissues and serve as enzymes, hormones and antibodies |
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Term
| biologic value of a protein |
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Definition
| the proportion in which it can be used for growth and maint of normal body systems measures the biologic value of a protein, the quantity and distribution of a protein are important features in determining a protein's biologic quality |
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Term
| what is the limiting factor in the amount of food that must be fed to meet daily requirements? |
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Definition
| the quality (digestibility)of the protein |
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Term
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Definition
| arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Taurine (cats only) |
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Term
| 4 major categories of lipids |
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Definition
| neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, other lipoid substances |
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Term
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Definition
| linear molecules classified as long chain, medium chain or short chain fatty acids depending on the # of carbon atoms in the backbone of the molecule. |
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Term
| What may occur in cats fed a home-cooked vegetarian diet or dog food? |
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Definition
Taurine is an essential amino acid in the cat because the feline liver has limited capacity to synthesize taurine,
Taurine deficiency causes retinal degeneration, reproductive insufficiency, impaired immune function, and has been linked to dilated cardiomyopathy. Clinical signs occur only after prolonged periods (6 mo to 2 yrs). Owners typically report visual changes or poor depth perception. |
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Term
| What occurs if an animal is unable to consume the required levels of amino acids? |
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Definition
| The breakdown of protein in the viscera and skeletal muscle will then occur. |
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Term
| what occurs in the 3 stages of starvation |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle and and visceral protein breakdown provide amino acids for energy. The breakdown of circulating and structural protein into glucose for energy is called gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is initiated by the liver and the kidneys using glycerol, lactate, and glucogenic amino acids. Prolonged starvation or food deprivation in normal animals results in a reduction in metabolic rates to slow fat and muscle catabolism in an effort to survive long-term starvation. Eventually, muscle mass will decrease over time if protein needs are not met |
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Term
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Definition
| The breakdown of circulating and structural protein into glucose for energy is called gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is initiated by the liver and the kidneys using glycerol, lactate, and glucogenic amino acids |
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Term
| Refeeding syndrome and clinical signs |
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Definition
| metabolic complications can occur if food is consumed or administered too rapidly. electrolyte shifts occur from extracellular or intracellular compartments as amino acids are reintroduced. Clincal signs can include cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, hemolytic anemia and respiratory failure |
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Term
| List the dietary sources of protein |
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Definition
| Animal products such as meat (meat products contain all of the essential amino acids for many sp and are therefore called complete proteins) and eggs and dairy , contain proteins that include the largest # of essecital amino acids. Cereals, rice, nuts, legumes are protein-rich but their prteins are nutritionally incomplete because they are low in one or more of the essential amino acids. |
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Term
| What are the functions of protein? |
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Definition
| Proteins make up 10 – 30% of a cell’s mass and are therefore the dominant structural material of the animal body. Used for building critical structural materials (keratin, connective tissues, muscle proteins, etc), enzymes and hormones regulate a variety of body fxns, hemoglobin carries oxygen, contractile proteins in muscle cells allow the body to move |
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Term
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Definition
| Crude protein is the total nitrogen content of a feed multiplied by 6.25. The crude protein gives a close approximation of the protein content in a particular feed. Crude protein gives no indication of the quality or utilization potential of the protein. |
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Term
| How does crude protein differ from biologic value of protein? |
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Definition
| The biologic value is the percentage of absorbable protein that is available for productive body functions, |
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Term
| What effect does heating food have on proteins? |
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Definition
| Heating can denature proteins |
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Term
| Why are mixed animal and plant protein sources often complementary to each other in food formulations? |
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Definition
| the ideal protein content in food includes all of the essecntial amino acids needed to meet the specific metabolic requirements of a particular species. for ex, if a protein has a missing amino acid, its quality may be low. by adding the missing amino acid, the full potential of the biologic value of the protein can be restored. |
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Term
| What is the primary function of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| Carbs provide the body with energy. The consumption of carbohydrates in excess of the body’s immediate energy needs are stored as glycogen or converted to fat |
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Term
| What is the difference between soluble and insoluble carbohydrates in dogs and cats? |
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Definition
| ? Insoluble fibers (carbohydrates) are complex carbohydrates (cellulose, pectin, lignin, mucilage, gum) and they make up the structural elements of grass, plants and wood. They differ from soluble carbs (starches, sugars) in that fiber in indigestible by the monogastric stomach and small intestines which lack the enzymes needed to decompose them. The primary fxn of fiber in companion animals is to increase the bulk and water content of the intestine. This effect finds applications in reducing caloric density for wt-control food while maintaining satieity. |
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Term
| in what application is fiber useful? |
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Definition
| This effect finds applications in reducing caloric density for wt-control food while maintaining satieity. Also some metabolic and GI disorders respond to increased levels of fiber in the food. For ex, fiber is important for dogs with DM because it helps stabilize blood sugar levels by extending the time that nutrients are absorbed |
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Term
| 6. Where does glucose come from? |
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Definition
| Glucose in the fundamental building block that comes from breaking down large molecules of carbs, it is used by the cell to make other molecules. Glucose is a monosaccharide, the simplest and smallest form of dietary carbs. Glucose is used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which is the chemical energy used by cells |
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Term
| 4. What vitamin is found in high concentration in the liver and what can occur if an animal is fed a diet high in liver? |
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Definition
| a toxic condition may occur |
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Term
| 5. When do you think that problems can arise - With ingestion of high levels of water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins |
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Definition
| include A, D, E, K. these bind to ingested lipids before they are absorbed with ingesta. thus, if fat absorbtion is impaired, so too is the absorbtion of fat-soluble vitamins. except for Vit K, fat-soluble vit are stroed in the body so if an excessive amount of a fat-soluble vitamin is consumed, vit toxicity due to hypervitaminosis may result. |
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Term
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Definition
| unlike nutrient molecules, such as carbs, proteins and fats, vitamins do not produce energy when metabolized, nor are they broken down into bldg blk units. vitamins are for the most part, coenzymes or parts of coenzymes. their molecular is the "key" that activates an enzyme and enables it to carry out its diverse metabolic rxns.For ex, during the biochem breakdown of glucose, the B vot riboflavin and niacin are reqd, w/o them the rxn cannot be completed and glucose can't be used to generate energy |
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Term
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Definition
| are absorbed thru the gut wall when water is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. these include Vit C adn 8 of the B-complex vitamins. exception is Vit B-12, which must bind to gastric intrinsic factor b4 it can be absorbed. very small amts are stored in the body and excesses not used w/in 1 hr are excreted in the urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| include A, D, E, K. these bind to ingested lipids before they are absorbed with ingesta. thus, if fat absorbtion is impaired, so too is the absorbtion of fat-soluble vitamins. except for Vit K, fat-soluble vit are stroed in the body so if an excessive amount of a fat-soluble vitamin is consumed, vit toxicity due to hypervitaminosis may result. |
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Term
| What cells of the body rely almost exclusively on glucose for their energy needs? |
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Definition
| Red blood cells and neurons |
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Term
| what are the 2 groups of minerals? |
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Definition
| Microminerals and macrominerals |
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Term
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Definition
| required in relatively large amts, measured in the diet as a %, include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
| required in very small amounts, expressed in parts per million (ppm) includes iron, manganese, copper, iodine, and selenium |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compounds necessary for normal physiologic fxn. most vitamins cannot be synthesized in the body and must be present in the diet. classified as fat-soluble (Vit A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B-complex vitamins and Vit C). Even a marginal deficiency of one vit can alter the efficacy of another. An intake in excess of requirements does not improve performance |
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Term
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Definition
| Vit A, D, E, K - require bile salts and fat clusters for passive absorption through the wall of the duodenum and ileum. Stored in lipid deposits in all tissues and are req'd in smaller daily doses. if oversupplemented can lead to toxic syndromes |
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Term
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Definition
| B-complex vitamins and vit C - absorbed via active transport. Poorly stored in the body, with excesses lost via the urinary tract. depleted faster due to limited storage capacity so toxicity is less likely than deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| fxn as electron donors and oxygen and free radical scavengers, also destroy invading organisms and restore damaged tissues. Nutritional antioxidents in k9 food hellps protect immune fxn and improve cognitive dysfxn in senior dogs. Ex, Vit C and E. Supplementation above normal daily requirements may be beneficial |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the body is incorporating more protein into tissues than it is breaking down to make energy (ATP) this happens normally during healing and during pregnancy because of the growing fetus, also occurs in growing animals |
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Term
| why are animals with kidney disease fed a low protein diet? |
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Definition
| eating too much protein makes the liver and kidneys work harder. metabolism of excess amino acids increses the workload of the liver and kidneys due to the processing and excretory requirements for the urea and organic waste bypriducts |
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Term
| what is one of the most vital microminerals? |
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Definition
| Iron, because it is the core of the hmoglobin molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells |
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Term
| What are the 2 most abundant minerals in the body and what are they used for? |
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Definition
| Calcium and phosphorus, together compose ¾ of the minerals by wt. these, together with magnesium salts, harden the teeth and form the rigid, hard material that gives bone its strength |
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Term
| 2. Which minerals function to give bones strength? |
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Definition
| Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium salts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| administration of multiple drugs concurrently in smaller quantities than would be required if each were given alone, to produce sedation, tranquilization, muscle relaxation, analgesia, or a variety of other effects needed for a particular patient |
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