Term
| T or F ______ A longer exposure time is necessary when radiographing avian and exotics |
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Definition
| False – a shorter time is preferred to decrease motion artifact |
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Term
| T or F _______ Avian and exotic patients are measured using a caliper |
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Definition
| False – exposure factors are chosen according to species and general size |
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Term
| T or F _______Maximum kilovoltage (kvP) is less important in avian and exotic radiography |
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Definition
| True – low kVp and the ability to make small, incremental changes in kVp |
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Term
| T or F _______ There is no risk of scatter radiation when imaging a small patient such as avian or exotics |
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Definition
| False – scatter must be minimized by beam-limiting device to collimate the beam to the smallest area possible. because of sm pt size, negligible amts of scatter can greatly reduce the quality of the image |
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Term
| T or F _______ The same principals in radiography that are used in companion animals can also be used with avian and exotics |
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Definition
| False – exposure factors are generally less, avian long bones have sig less calcium and ossification – more radiolucent. Sl exposure variations can produce marked alterations |
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Term
| 6. List the three types of restraint used for avian and exotics. |
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Definition
- manual – results in increased personnel exposure – not ideal
- physical – Plexiglass sheets, ropes, sandbags, tape (avoid cloth medical tape, damages feathers/fur/scales) – may result in pt stress and injury
- chemical – safest method – injectable sedatives and inhalant anesthetics – keep warm during anes/recovery
restrain head/torso first, then wings, then legs |
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Term
| 1. Physical restraint involves certain devices. List 4 of them. |
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Definition
| Plexiglass sheet, ropes, sandbags, tape |
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Term
| 1. What is the preferred exposure time for radiographing avian and exotics? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. If putting a bird or exotic patient under anesthesia, what should be used to prevent hypothermia? |
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Definition
| supportive therapy such as heat lamp, gently rolled into a towel during recovery |
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Term
| 1. These bones of the avian are thinner than in other animals. |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. What are the differences in the number of cervical vertebrae between mammals and birds? |
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Definition
| birds have many more neck vertebrae(13 – 25) |
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Term
| 1. What is the place of origin for flight muscles in the bird? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. A large portion of the skull in an avian is devoted to what system? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. What part of the skeletal system supports the legs? |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. Explain manual restraint for a whole body ventrodorsal view of the avian. |
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Definition
- one hand grasps head from back, holding mandibular articulation between the tumb and forefinger
- other hand takes the feet and carefully extends them caudally
- wings should be abducted sl from body and held by adhesive tape |
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Term
| 16. Why is a right lateral view taken on an avian patient? |
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Definition
| to maintain consistency with comparable anatomic reference material |
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Term
| 1. Why is it important for manual restraint of the bird when radiographing the wing? |
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Definition
for the craniocaudal view of the wing, manual restraint is needed because of the awkward position of the pt.
- bird upside down so body perp to cassette
- tip of wing held gently and wing extended away from body.
- cranial edge of wing on cassette (to allow edge of wing to contact cassette, need to allow pt head to hang over edge of cassette) |
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Term
| List two ways to take whole body radiographs of a rat. |
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Definition
- place the pt in a radiolucent tube
- securing the pt to the cassette w/ adhesive tape |
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Term
| What is the advantage of using a radiolucent tube for small rodent radiography? |
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Definition
| both the lateral and VD views can be obtained w/o manipulating the pt (BUT tube may compromise quality of film due to superimposition of legs over thoracic/abdo cavities |
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Term
| 1. What is the best method of restraint for the rat? |
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Definition
| adhesive tape – because extremities can be extended and body rotation can be eliminated |
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Term
| 1. Why can radiography images be difficult on a turtle? |
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Definition
| because of the shell – need 3 routine views – DV, lateral, and craniocaudal |
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Term
| 22. List two ways to restrain a turtle for radiography images. |
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Definition
| adhesive tape or radiolucent plastic box |
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Term
| 1. How do you prepare a turtle for dorsoventral radiography? |
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Definition
- a few min prior, turn pt on its back
- just before exposure, turn back pt to ventral side
- turtle will require a few moments to become reoriented and will naturally extend its legs/head from shell
- at this moment, make exposure |
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Term
| 1. What determines the type of restraint needed for a lizard? |
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Definition
size/disposition determines restrain needed
- calm/docile – adhesive tape
- smaller – usually checmical or physical restraint (or both)
- larger restrained manually |
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Term
| 25. How do you protect the personnel during radiography of an aggressive lizard? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. Snakes are difficult to radiograph due to their anatomy. What is the best way to obtain a good radiograph of a snake? |
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Definition
- double-open -ended cardboard or radiolucent plastic box
- long radiolucent tube |
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Term
| Why is it preferred that the snake be radiographed in a coiled position? |
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Definition
| so the entire body can be radiographed |
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Term
| What is unique to labeling when radiographing a snake? |
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Definition
| when filming in segments, number or label each projection so they can be viewed in proper sequence |
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Term
| What is the best way to radiograph a fish and why? |
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Definition
| - pt in plastic bag w/ just enough water to allow resp. bag placed on cassette |
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Term
| 30. List two ways a lateral view of a fish can be exposed. |
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Definition
- horizontal xray beam – cassette vertical against bag, thin Plexiglass sheet to reduce/equalize amt of water around fish
- wrap fish in wet paper towel and place in lat recum on cassette
- DV – pt in plastic bag w/ just enough water to allow resp. bag placed on cassette |
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