deworming everyone without looking at infection levels

underdosing

deworming too often

rotating to clean pasture (just infects new pasture)

using same drugs all the time: resistance

large strongyles

cyathostomes

parascaris 

strongyloides

cows!

infect abomasum gastric pits

pH approaches neutral

osmotic diarrhea - severe weight loss and diarrhea

shed in feces, spread by L3 ingestion

cobblestone abomasum

 treat cows in the mid-Summer to prevent disease from occurring (larvae encyst and cause disease inlate summer or fall). 

don't overstock the pastures

separate the old from the young as soon as possible

avoid moisture, feed in dry lot if possible, keep food and water clean (manure free), remove manure from the barn 

make sure calves are born in clean environment, use good well balanced feed to keep immunity up

mostly sheep and goats

no diarrhea!

anemia and bottlejaw

 Teladorsagia,

Bunostomum, 

Chabertia

Many worms  transmitted lactogenically or prenatally

 prepatent periods as little as two weeks

 treat early to prevent disease

 treated every two weeks to prevent environmental ingestion/ nursing contamination

 Ancylostoma caninum – L3 is infective stage: penetration, ingestion, paratinic host, lactogenic transmission, transplacental

Toxocara canis – ingest larvated egg or paratenic host

Trichuris vulpis – larvated egg no paratenic no lactogenic or transplacental

very resistant in the environment 

common cause of recurring infection if monthly prevention not used

Interceptor, Sentinel, Advantage Multi

looks like strongyle type egg but you know what it is bc of age!

don't treat for strongyles bc the foal doesn't have it (long PPP)

A. caninum has a prepatent period of 2-3 weeks

pass eggs before next dose

Interceptor / Milbemycin is monthly

Quantitative egg count before treatment

repeat after treatment

if less than 90% effective, there is resistance present

toxocara

ancylostoma

time between treatment and shedding more eggs

different PPP

amt of time drug stays in system

Oesophagostomum – large intestine. YOUNG!

-Strongyloides ransomi – small intestine 

-Ascaris suum – small intestine 

-Trichuris suis – large intestine

(stephanuris is not common)

stephanurus

ascaris suum

acquired transplacentally

will not mature in the puppy because they have to pass through a mosquito first

(but it's still bad because new dogs can get infected)

Strongylus vulgaris – treat with Ivermectin every 5 months for 2 years (they will be totally gone)

-Cyathostomes – treat with Ivermectin, encysted larvae still present. deworm high egg counts and keep pastures clean

-Parascaris – broad spectrum like Ivermectin, Fenbendazole, Moxydectin, Pyrantel, or Piperazine at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months of age.  don't mix young, don't put yound on same pasture as last year's young (the young horses shed the most)

ivermectin does not kill encysted cyathostomes

moxidectin does

color chart from red to whitish pink

used to compare mucous membranes (usually eye) 

assessment of anemia and parasite load

treat at a certain mm color

ostertagia

haemonchus

bunostomum

larvae aren't mature yet

single sex infection

heartworm prophylaxis

antibodies

 Dirofilaria immitis – lives in the pulmonary arteries mostly but can also overflow into the right heart. The preferred test is the antigen test, can also look for microfilariae with the knott’s test or blood smear (after positive antigen test), serology...

Ancylostoma caninum – tracheal migration   Test with a fecal float.

Toxocara canis –  tracheal migration.             fecal float.

  Filaroides – lives in the lungs.  Diagnose by clinical signs, fecals over several days because they are intermittent shedders

Angiostrongylus vasorum – lives in the lungs, pulmonary arteries, and sometimes in the right heart.  Baermann exam.

Capillaria aerophila – lives in the bronchi and lungs . fecal float.

i)      Ancylostoma tubaeforme – check with a fecal float. (may also see large worms in vomit)

ii)     Ollulanus – check the vomit for tiny worms.

iii)    Toxocara cati – check with fecal float.

iv)   Dirofilaria – check with an antigen test preferably, antibody test, echocardiogram, serology, CVC, and radiographs.

which dog parasites are zoonotic?

(ID guide only)

ancylostoma caninum, uncinaria (rare), strongyloides stercoralis CLM

toxocara canis VLM/OLM

ascaris suum: CLM

stronglyloides