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| mature and less secretory, produces and makes up bulk of extra cellular matrix |
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-Product is mineralized
-Calcium storage organ: muscle contraction, hardens tissue, relatively inflexible but very strong
-Durable outside of body: fossils |
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| -Thin, flexible, diffusion, strong enough for working in water |
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-Living tissue
-Can grow and remodel (change shape as necessary) |
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-Long Bones, deep, endoskeletal elements
-Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Epiphyseal plate
-First there is a cartilage template (smaller version of bone) that is replaced by bone. Chondroblasts are replaced by osteoblasts
-Long limbed animals |
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-exoskeleton, dermal, superficial
-Formed from spontaneous condensation of mesenchyme cells
-3 types: Dermal, Sesamoid, Perichondral/periosteal
- Ostracoderms and Placoderms |
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| Dermal Intramembranous Bone |
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| found in skull, pectoral girdle, and skin bones |
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| Sesamoid intramembranous bones |
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occur in areas of great stress, grow within tendons.
Ex: Patella |
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| Perichondral/periosteal intramembranous bone |
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| forms just outside cartilage or just outside bone |
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-where bones/cartilage meet
-encapsulates two bones
-gives range of movement |
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| cartilage found between pubic bones for birth, mandibles |
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| fibrous connections found in skull, allow for tiny movement |
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| everything else besides limbs |
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| membranous webbed projection strengthened by radiating thin rays |
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| slender keratinized rods that radiate out like vanes in a fan to internally support the fins of chondrichthyan fishes |
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| cartilaginous or ossified supports within the fins of bony fishes |
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-Limb
- muscular appendage with well defined joints bearing digits instead of a fin at its end |
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-distal end of limb
-manus or pes |
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| Forearm (radius and ulna) or Shank (tibia and fibula) |
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-Proximal end
-articulates with girdle (acetabulum or glenoid fossa)
-Humerus or Femur |
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| a chain of endoskeletal basals |
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| -Bones within a fish fin for support |
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| enlarged pterygiophores within the proximal part of the fin |
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| slender pterygiophores that extend support from the basals into the middle region of the fin |
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-the metapterygial stem of basals is located in the postaxial region of the limb.
-asymetrical structure
-radials radiate anteriorly to preaxial region |
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-Metapterygial stem runs down the middle of the fin.
-The radials project out from the central stem to support the preaxial and postaxial sides of the fin evenly.
-Appears leaf shaped and narrow at the base |
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-Paired fins and their girdles arose from gill arches
-Gill rays expand and proliferate forming a long central support for an external fin, not unlike the archipterygeal condition
-Found in some modern day lung fishes
-Doesn't explain: Pelvic Girdle, Dermal bone, or embryology |
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-Paired fins arose within a paired but continuous set of ventrolateral folds in the body wall that were stiffened by a transverse series of endoskeletal pterygiophores.
-Additional stability comes from the inward extention of basals to produce girdles
-Dermal bone was later added to the pectoral girdle to strengthen further |
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| Evidence of Fin Fold Theory |
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1. Paleontological: Haikouycthys and Acanthodians
2. Developmentally: Sharks pectoral and pelvic fins develop at the same time
3. Molecular evidence: limb development in 3 groups of vertebrates. Engrailed-1 gene, T-box genes, sonic hedgehog gene |
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| Puboischiac and scapulocorocoid bars |
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| U-shaped fusion of paired basal components of pelvic and pectoral girdles across the midline of chondrichthyans |
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| Enlarged pterygiophores of modern sharks at the base of the pectoral fin |
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metapterygium: most posterior, derived from series of basals
propterygium: anterior, derived from radials
mesopterygium: found only in forelimb, between prop and meta, gives mobility, radiating radials |
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