Term
Content:
Urochordata
and
Somitichordata |
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Definition
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Term
Outgroup:
Ambulacraria
and other coelomate animals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Synapomorphy
Dorsal, hollow nerve chord
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sub-neural gland/Hatchek's pit /adenohypohysis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Content:
Myxiniformes
and
Vertebrata |
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Definition
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Term
Outgroup:
Cephalochordata
and
Urochordata |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Integument Ancestrally with enamel, dentine and acelluar bone layers |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurocranium ancestally cartilaginous |
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Definition
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Term
Somites split into 3 portions
(dermatome, schlerotome, myotome) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Modified gut
(digestion extracelluar) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Diffuse Pancreatic Tissue
not organized into discrete organ |
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Definition
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Term
| Heart with cardiac muscle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Vascularized brain divided into 5 regions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Specialized Cranial Nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| Paired olfactory capsules |
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Definition
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Term
Paired eyes with lens,
sclerotic and choroid coats and retina |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Content:
Petromyzontiformes, Ostracodermi
and Gnathostomata |
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Definition
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Term
Outgroups:
Myxiniformes, Cephalochordata |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
Well developed eyes with
extrinsic muscles and cranial nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| Autonomic innervation of heart by vagus nerve |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| 3 types of granular leucocytes |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
Content:
Placodermi, Chodrichthyes, Teleostomi |
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Definition
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Term
Outgroup:
Ostracodermi, Petromyzontiformes,
Myxiniformes |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Jaws - formed from 1st pharyngeal arch |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Modified hyoid arch with hyomandibular |
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Definition
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|
Term
Branchial skeleton,
medial to epidermal gills |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Mineralized neural and hemal elements |
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Definition
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Term
| Myomeres divided into epaxial and hypaxial sections by horizontal septum |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypobranchial muscles innervated by spinal nerves |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Spiral valve in intestine |
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Definition
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Term
Exocrine/endocrine pancreas
as distinct organ |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Embryonic muellerian ducts |
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Definition
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|
Term
Relatively large prosenchephalon
and cerebellum |
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Definition
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|
Term
| spinal roots join laterally |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Highly mylenated nerve fibers |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Well developed immune response |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Content:
Actinopterygii
Sarcopterygii |
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Definition
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|
Term
Outgroups:
Acanthodii
Chondrichtheys
Placodermi
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Septum between gill reduced to median arch only |
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Definition
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Term
| Dermal bones form functional jaws |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Operculum with special bones |
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Definition
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|
Term
Content:
all lobed finned fishes
all tetrapods |
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Definition
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Term
Outgroup:
Actinopterygii
Acanthodii |
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Definition
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Term
| Ancestrally with metapterygial paired fins with lobes extending below body |
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Definition
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Term
| Ancestrally with epaxial lobe on heterocercal caudal fin |
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Definition
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Term
| ancestrally with 2 dorsal fins |
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Definition
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Term
| ancestrally with thin ganoine and thick cosamine layer |
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Definition
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|
Term
| often with excurrent nostril nearly in mouth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
Content: all other tetrapodomorphs with a more recent common ancestor with
them than with Elpistostegidae
Batrachomorpha (Lissamphibia)
Reptilomorpha (Amniota) |
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Definition
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Term
Outgroup:
“true” Osteolepiformes Dipnoi/Porolepiformes |
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Definition
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Term
limbs with feet containing podials (carpals/tarsals), metapodials
(metacarpals/metatarsals), and digits with phalanges - reduced to lost in
derived forms |
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Definition
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Term
| zygapophyses in vertebrae - reduced in some derived forms |
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Definition
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|
Term
| large ornamented interclavicle - reduced to lost in many derived forms |
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Definition
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Term
| skull not attached to pectoral girdle - great reduction of cleithrals |
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Definition
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Term
| loss of intracranial joint by strong suturing of adjacent bone |
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Definition
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Term
| iliac blade articulated with sacral vertebra - lost in some derived forms |
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Definition
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Term
| occipital condyles, reduced in secondarily aquatic forms |
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Definition
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Term
| notochord excluded from braincase in adult |
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Definition
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Term
digits reduced to five on each foot ancestrally, further reduced or lost in
many |
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Definition
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Term
Content:
Lissamphibia, Reptilia (including Aves)
Mammalia, Batracomorpha
Sauropsida, Synapsida |
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Definition
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Term
Outgroups:
Dipnoi, Actinistia (coelacanths)
early (stem) tetrapods
Elpistostegidae |
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Definition
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Term
| Pleurocentrum enlarged; intercentrum reduced |
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Definition
| Important synapomorphies that evolved after the first crown tetrapods but before the first amniotes |
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Term
| enlarged canine-like tooth in maxilla |
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Definition
| Important synapomorphies that evolved after the first crown tetrapods but before the first amniotes |
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Term
| more than one sacral vertebra |
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Definition
| Important synapomorphies that evolved after the first crown tetrapods but before the first amniotes |
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Term
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Definition
| Important synapomorphies that evolved after the first crown tetrapods but before the first amniotes |
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Term
| derived atlas/axis complex |
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Definition
| Important synapomorphies that evolved after the first crown tetrapods but before the first amniotes |
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Term
| loss of lateral line system - based on no canals in bones of fossils |
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Definition
| Important synapomorphies that evolved after the first crown tetrapods but before the first amniotes |
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Term
| relatively small, domed head |
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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Term
| scapula and two coracoids* |
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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Term
| relatively large orbits = large eyes |
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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|
Term
differentiated pterygoideus and temporalis muscles - based on bone structure -
pterygoid flange* |
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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|
Term
| one occipital condyle, hemispherical and well-ossified* |
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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Term
| no labyrinthodont teeth* (loss) |
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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|
Term
| skull bones posterior to parietal very small |
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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|
Term
| parietal foramen still present |
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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Term
| astragalus present, resulting from the fusion of three bones of which one is the tibiale* |
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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Term
| fibulare became the calcaneum* |
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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|
Term
| distinct ankle (mesotarsal) joint* |
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Definition
| Character states of early amniotes, based on Hylonomus (* = synapomorphy) |
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Term
Content:
non-mammalian cynodonts
crown clade Mammalia
stem mammals = non-crown clade mammals |
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Definition
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|
Term
Outgroups:
non-cynodont therapsids
non-therapsid synapsids |
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Definition
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|
Term
postorbital bar lost; orbital and temporal fossae continuous- also in advanced
3cynodonts dentary/squamosal jaw articulation = other bones lost or moved into ear |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
malleus/articular and incus/quadrate in middle ear; dentary/squamosal jaw
articulation; tympanic surrounding meatus = more acute hearing |
|
Definition
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|
Term
double-rooted cheekteeth that articulate, lowers narrower than uppers; diphyodonty
= chewing more important |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| elbows and knees close to body |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| clavicles, interclavicles, and coracoids reduced |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| loss of cervical and lumbar ribs results in increased dorso-ventral flexion/extension of vertebral column- also in advanced cynodonts |
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Definition
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|
Term
| tail relatively thin with small processe |
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Definition
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|
Term
| external nares confluent - better breathing |
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Definition
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|
Term
| malleus and incus no longer attached to dentary |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| stapes reduced with no stapedial foramen |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| transverse process of pterygoid reduced to hamulus |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| epiphyses develop on limb bone |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Content:
Monotremata
Theria |
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Definition
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|
Term
Outgroups:
non-mammalian cynodonts
non-cynodont therapsids |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Content:
Neornithes (crown clade birds) + Archaeopteryx plus their most recent
ancestor plus all descendants of that ancestor |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Outgroups:
non-avian saurischians |
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Definition
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|
Term
| loss of quadratojugal-squamosal articulation |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| postorbital bone very small |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| tarsometatarsus - strengthened ankle joint |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| tail with reduced number of caudal vertebrae |
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Definition
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|
Term
| forelimb could fold against body? - may have evolved earlier |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| first pedal digit facing posteriorly?? - may have evolved first much earlier (A.8.) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| furcula? - may have evolved earlier; may be convergent with other dinosaurs |
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Definition
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|
Term
| feathers, at least on forelimbs and tail? - probably more widely distributed |
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Definition
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|
Term
| loss of all teeth - functionally replaced by keratinized ramphotheca |
|
Definition
| Selected synapomorphies of Neornithes = crown clade of birds |
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|
Term
| bony mandibular symphysis (two halves of lower jaw essentially fused) - no kinesis |
|
Definition
| Selected synapomorphies of Neornithes = crown clade of birds |
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