Which of the following are roles of epithelial cells during atherogenesis?

-more than one may be correct-

a. secrete growth factors

b. takes up oxidized LDL

c.secrete vasoactive agents

d. collagen formation

e. attracts leukocytes.

A, C, D

Epithelial cells secrete growth factors and vasoactive agents, and collagen formation occurs.

All of the following are true of the role of macrophages in atherogenesis EXCEPT:

a. attract smooth muscle cells

b. stimulate production of endothelial cells

c. stimulates production of growth factors

d. dispose of oxidized LDL

D. Dispose of oxidized LDL

Macrophages attract smooth muscle cells, stimulate production of endothelial cells and growth factors, and take up oxidized LDL

Name the cell associated with the following roles:

1.secrete growth factors

2. secrete vasoactive agents

3. attract leukocytes and sm. m. cells

4. adhesion-aggregation reaction

These are all roles of platelets.

Platelets secrete growth factors and vasoactive agents, attract leukocytes and smooth muscle cells, and have an adhesion-aggregation reaction

Foam cells

(more specifically, accumulations of lipid laden macrophages)

True or False.

Fibrous plaque is more likely to form at straight areas of arteries.

False.

Fibrous plaque forms at branches, angles, and bifurcations of arteries.

Identify the stage of athroschlerosis.

1. a central core of macrophage foam cells exist.

2. Fibrous cap may rupture due to stress

3. extracellular lipid matrix expands

4. cellular necrosis occurs

This is Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesion

plaque ulceration may produce embolic debris

&

induced thrombus formation

Identify the results of Atherosclerosis:

a. stenosis

b. occlusion

c. gangrene

d. embolism

e. aneurysm

f. all but one is correct

F. all but one is correct.

Results of atherosclerosis are occlusion, stenosis, embolism, and aneurysm.

______(a)_____- any indication of disease perceived by patient

_______(b)______ any sign or circumstance that points to or shows the cause of a disease

(a) Symptom

(b) Clinical Indication

The patient has Intermittent Claudication.

True or False.

Intermittent Claudication cannot be reproduced by a consistant amount of exercise.

False.

Intermittent Claudication is reproducible by a consistant amount of exercise.

-aching/cramping in hip, calf, thigh, or buttock resulting from ischemia

-gradual onset

-reproducible with consistant exercise

-prompty relieved by stopping exercise

-shorter distance possible when walking uphill

Your patient has Ischemic Rest Pain.

-dull aching in forefoot or toes

-pain worse when supine

-pain relieved by dangling the affected foot

tissue necrosis.

 (This in turn can lead to uclers/abraisions

 and eventually gangrene)

Diminished or absent pulses, pallor and cool limb, loss of hair, thickened toes, and delayed return of capillary blush are all examples of:

a. gangrene

b. intermittent claudication

c. Clinical indication

d. symptoms

c. Clinical indications

Name the category.

1. osteoarthritis

2. neuralspinal compression

3. venous disease

4. diabetic neuritis

Pain with dependency

&

Relief by elevation

Classifications of Lower Extremity Atherosclerosis:

Stage 1 Pathological changes in arteries

Stage 2 Intermittent Claudication

Stage 3 Rest Pain

Stage 4 Presence of trophic lesions

Ankle (above malleoli)

Calf (below tibial tubercle)

Low Thigh (above patella)

High Thigh (below groin)

ABI's

<1.0 = Abnormal or Normal?

>1.3 = Abnormal or Normal?

<1.0 is abnormal

>1.3 is abnormal

The normal range is 1.0-1.3

Finish the Sentence.

When ankle pressures are less then 55 mmhg.....

ischemic ulcers will not heal

(ankle p <55mmHg-ischemic ulcers wont heal)

Finish the Sentence.

In diabetics, ankle pressure..........ischemic ulcers still may not heal due to small vessel disease.

Correct the information in the following sentence.

While performing a PVR exam, the patient must be standing up. Cuffs may be wrapped tightly or loosly depending on the size and comfort of the patient. The cuffs are placed on the extremity and must be bilateral.