- needles injected to people's face

- chinese sniffed dried small pox scabs fr. those recovering & variolated

- lady montagy - small pox blister fluid/scab was inserted w/ needle into arm: england was outlawed; jenner: was variolated

- one microbe was used to confer immunity against another more virulent organism

- vaccinia virus was used for vaccination

- genetically diff. fr. both the cow pox and small pox viruses = erradicated small pox

- cultures of avirulent microorganisms used for preventive inoculations according to Pasteur

- also include fractions of microorganisms that induce immunity

- always use antigens NOT antibodies

- though immunity can be conferred by injection of antibody - short-lived - 3 weeks

* to induce artificially acquired active immunity

Adaptive immunity

1. naturally acquired

- active: Ag enter the body naturally

- body induces Ab and specialized lymphocytes

- passive: Ab pass fr. mother to fetus via placenta or

- to infant via the mother's milk

2. artificially acquired

- active: Ag are introduced in vaccines

- body produces Ab and specialized lymphocytes

- passive: preformed Ab in immune serum are introduced by injection

- attenuated

- inactivated whole agent microorganisms

- subunit/recombinant

- toxoid

- conjugated

- DNA vaccines

- use living but attenuated (weakened or avirulent) microbes

- methods:

- derived fr. mutations accumulated fr. long term culture

- genetic engineering

- examples:

- Sabin polio

- MMR (measles, mumps, german measles or rubella)

- chicken pox or varicella virus

- Tb (cultured-inactivated BCG fr. bovine Tb)

- oral typhoid (live, conjugated)

- advantage: lifelong immunity often occurs

- lots of Ag to stimulate secondary immune responses

- contact immunity

- disadvantage: not as safe bc they can:

- replicate (uncontrolled growth)

- revert

- mutate

- retain residual virulence

- use killed, whole viruses or bacteria

- examples: whole agent - killed/radiated

- viruses: rabies, influenza, polio, Hep A

- bacteria: pneumococcal pneumonia, cholera, typhoid, pertussis (whooping cough)

- only parts of pathogen that best stimulate immune response

- examples: pertussis - less inflammation

- other microbes are programmed to produce above parts of pathogen

- examples: yeast programmed for Hep B viral coat protein, HIV

- advantages:

- safer - no replication

- non-Ag parts not present (whole agent can cause inflammatory responses)

- use best Ag

- disadvantages:

- boosters required

- no contact immunity 

- need high doses, multiple doses (can but allergies) or adjuvants needed (stimulate inflammation)

- inactivated toxins fr. pathogens

- examples: diphtheria, tetanus

- DTap is diphtheria, tetanus, acelullar pertussis (subunit) vaccine

advantage: safe

disadvantage: requires multiple boosters - every 10 yrs

- ways to make carbohydrates more immunogenic - using toxoids

- CHO's often are T-independent Ag's

- examples:

- Haemophilus influenzae type b (chest infections, pneumonia & meningitis)

- Neisseria meningitis

- Streptococcus pneumoniae

- DNA for antigen is injected by "gene-gun" into muscle

- Ag is made and humoral and cellular immunity occurs

- doesn't work against capsule polysaccharides

- examples: horses fr. west nile virus, salmon fr. anti-salmon virus, humans - near future

- limited protection

- herd immunity

- not take appropriate precautions

- not following vaccination regime

- not all children will be proprely vaccinated

- technical difficulties

- cost

- electricity and refrigeration unavailability

- not profitable

- cause disease

- advantages: cheap, large single cell, nourishing yolk, sterile, lots of sites for inoculating w/ viruses

- disadvantages: allergies, time consuming, not all viruses grow on eggs

- can't use weakened or killed viruses

- Ab fr. B-cells: Gp120 have decoy components that mutate rapidly - resulting Ab's ineffective

- T-cell: weakened cold virus w/ 3 HIV genes failed to activate subsequent 'trained' T-cells

- 2-part vaccine (T-cell canary pox w/ HIV genes & B-cell Ag booster w/modified gp120): only 30% down in infection & inconsistent results - less better

- BUT:

- pwoerful natural Ab exist in nature

- some are resistant to HIV

1. what molecular feature to utilize

2. how to deliver triggering agent or vaccine to immune system

3 who to give it to

- whole cell vaccine: 

- peptide vaccine:

- dendritic cell vaccine: US FDA approved 1st vaccine to advanced prostate cancer called provenge in summer of 2010

- ag prevent interaction w/ enzyme needed for survival in the gut of the mosquito

- irradiate sporozoites to prevent maturation & then inject fragments

- addition of new adjuvant to vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum - 50% reduction in chance of getting this form of malaria

- shipping fever in cattle (Pneumonic pasteurellosis)

cause decreased appetite, fever, nasal discharge due to bacterium Mannheimia haemolytica

- clover plant modified to express 1 of bacteria's proteins

- faster

- no refrigeration

- no rxn to viruses

- improved genes used ( & adjuvant genes)

- intradermal injectors such as Gene Gun or Bioject using pressurized air = more uptake of plasmids 

- new generation 

- TLR activators, interleukins, liposome carriers that contain the Ag

- increase immune response thus less protein/shot

- insects and mammalian cells

- faster/cheaper production

- against proteins that rarely mutate

- may thwart all strains of influenza ex: M2 on H1N1

- that prime the immune system before dying back 

- replace genes of a pathogen w/genes of bacteria fr. Arctic