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V-1 Sec. 2
5Level
56
Computer Science
Professional
09/24/2008

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Cards

Term
What portion of the audio spectrum is associated with the intensity of speech?
Definition
Low frequencies
Term
The intelligibility of spech is associated with what portion of the audio spectrum?
Definition
High frequencies
Term
What is the normal conversational speech signal level range maintained within multiplex systems?
Definition
Speech signal levels are normally maintained between 0 dBm0 and -31 dBm0
Term
Why are the requirements for speech transmission often less stringent than those for data transmission?
Definition
Because up to 75 percent of the information content in speech is redundant
Term
What is the actual band of frequencies assigned for transmission of speech over a voice channel?
Definition
VF band; 300 to 3400 Hz
Term
How does noise affect the signal?
Definition
It masks or interferes with the signal
Term
What are some causes of noise?
Definition
Thermal agitation and radiation
Term
Is the time duration of a TDM sample critical? Why?
Definition

No, because as long as the sampling rate of the highest frequency in the intelligence signal is adequate, the size and frequency of the original waveform can be regenerated.

Term
How is the TDM sampling rate determined?
Definition
By the Nyquist sampling rate definition
Term
What is the sampling rate commonly use in TDM systems?
Definition
8 kHz
Term
What effect does an increase in the number of channels in a TDM system have on its bandwidth?
Definition
Increases the bandwidth required to transmit the composite signal
Term
What are the bandwidth requirements for a TDM system?
Definition

A TDM system must be able to handle the fundamental frequency and all the upper and lower harmonics produced during the modulating process.

Term
How can we reduce the bandwidth requirements for TDM systems?
Definition

By employing pulse-coding techniques and filtering the transmit signal.

Term
How do we maintain signal synchronization in the TDM process?
Definition

By use of synchronization or marker pulses in the bit stream.

Term
What constitutes a TDM "frame"?
Definition
A frame is one complete set of pulses, made up of a marker pulse and one pulse from each channel.
Term
What is the difference between a TSI and TDM?
Definition

TDM combines signals so that can share a single line, while TSI switches information from one data stream to another.

Term
How is TSI beneficial in a system like DISN?
Definition

TSI allows connections to be made at channel level, giving systems controllers the ability to rout and test individual circuits.

Term
Briefly explain the basic TSI process.
Definition

PCM frames enter the TSI uit and are written to memory. The information about where they are to be routed is also written to memory. When the proper time slot on the outgoing data stream comes up, the frame is read out of memory into that slot.

Term
Briefly explain how a combination of time- and space-division switching is used in a TST division switch.
Definition

Multiple TSI units are connected to a space division switch, physically routing data from one TSI unit to another; no time slots are intercharged in the space switch. This type of configuration is used in large switching systems.

Term
What are the two basic TDM modes of operation?
Definition

(1) STDM.

(2) ATDM statistical (Stat-Mux).

Term
What is the major difference between statistical multiplexing and STDM?
Definition

Statistical multiplexing periodically redefines the length of frames to change the number of time slots, thereby, changing its number of channels. STDM permanently assigns time slots for its channels.

Term
What is STDM less efficient than statistical multiplexing?
Definition

STDM transmits dummy characters on inactive time slots where Stat-Mux assigns tome slots only for active channels.

Term
What enables statistical multiplexers to survive short duration data surges?
Definition
Extra buffers to temporarily store data.
Term
Which type of TDM uses sequential sampling?
Definition
Synchronous
Term
How are binary signals brought to the TDM sampling rate?
Definition
By buffering, pulse stuffing, and interleaving
Term
How is accuracy provided in TDM?
Definition

By sampling the input signal at a high enough rate

Term
What technique is used to aid synchronization in a PCM data stream?
Definition

The formatting of TDM pulse streams into frames.

Term
Which framing pattern, short or long, is usually desired for a noisy transmission media? Why?
Definition

A longer framing pattern because of its ability to maintain synchronization without giving a false pattern.

Term
What is a disadvantage you must consider in determining a frame pattern to use?
Definition

The longer the framing pattern, the more the information rate is decreased.

Term
What are the types of synchronization?
Definition

(1) Asynchronous

(2) Synchronous

(3) Isochronous

Term
What problems are solved by synchronization?
Definition

Timing differences arising from (1) slight variation in operating rates at the two ends of the circuit, and (2) variations in propagation delay over the circuit.

Term
What is the basis for synchronization?
Definition
Timing
Term
What are some methods we use to provide correct timing?
Definition

Master clocks, synchronous pulses, and pulse stuffing.

Term
What type of synchronization requires that information on the time of occurrence of an added pulse be transmitted to the receiving equipment?
Definition
Pulse stuffing
Term
What type of multiplexer is the AN/FCC-100?
Definition
LSTDM
Term
What is the maximum aggregate rate of the AN/FCC-100?
Definition
2.048 Mb/s
Term
What are the common modules of an AN/FCC-100?
Definition

The processor, mux/demux, aggregate, port carrier, and front panel interface modules.

Term
Describe the processor module.
Definition
The processor module supervises AN/FCC-100 (V) 9 operation and communicates with all the other AN/FCC-100 (V) 9 modules and subassemblies.
Term
Describe the mux/demux module.
Definition

The mux/demux module accomplishes the mux/demux of data between the aggregate and ports.

Term
Describe the aggregate module.
Definition

The aggregate module transfers data between the local AN/FCC-100 (V) 9 internal high-speed data bus and the transmission path to the remote AN/FCC-100 (V) 9 unit.

Term

Data rate of

 

Low Speed Driver

Definition

1.2 kbps to 384 kbps

Term

Data Rate of

 

RS-422-A/423-A driver

Definition

Rates up to 2048 kbps

Term

Data rate of

 

T-CDI low speed driver

Definition

16k, 32k, and 64 kbps

Term

Data rate of

 

T-CDI high speed driver

Definition

72k, 128k, 144k, 256k, 288k, 512k, 576k, 1024k and 2048 kbps

Term
What is the port carrier module?
Definition

Each port carrier module provides the interface and termination capability for two pieces of DTE and is designed to accept four plug-in sub-modules, interfacing the DTEs to the multiplexer. This allows the AN/FCC-100 (V) 9/9X to accept any of two interface sub-modules, including a daughter card, and four digital or two analog (2 write and 4 wire) types of informational formats.

Term
What are the three types of sub-port carrier modules?
Definition

(1) NRZ

(2) Diphase

(3) Voice

Term
What are the four digital-type daughter cards?
Definition

(1) Synchronous

(2) Asynchronous

(3) Isochronous

(4) CDI

Term
What are the three analog daughter cards?
Definition

(1) CVSD

(2) PCM

(3) ADPCM

Term
What are the two dual port carrier modules?
Definition

(1) T-CDI Low Speed

(2) T-CDI High Speed

Term
What are daughter cards for the special port carrier modules for FXS, FXO?
Definition

(1) PCM

(2) CELP

(3) STU III

(4) LD-CELP Secure

Term

Describe the interface module.

Definition
The interface module is the communication link between the AN/FCC-100 (V) 9 and Operator's Panel or an external control terminal.
Term
What is the technology of WDM considered?
Definition

The technology of WDM is considered a method of improving the efficiency of fiber through condensing, or multiplexing, the transmitted channels.

Term
How does WDM work?
Definition

In WDM, each device connected to the WDM is given a different wavelength of light or different color in the spectrum that allows the device to pass together across the fiber within the same area of light spectrum.

Term
What are the WDM technologies?
Definition
They are WDM, CWDM and DWDM
Term
What does CWDM use to reduce cost?
Definition
CWDM's use uncooled lasers with a relaxed tolerance of ± 3 nm.
Term
What characteristic must DWDM optical demultiplexer have?
Definition

First it must be very stable over time and temperature; second, it needs to have a relatively flat passband or region frequencies; and third, it must reject adjacent optical channels so that they do not interfere.

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