Term
| Natural Selection is important why |
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Definition
Organism features that contribute to survival are selected by enviroment. Maladaptive characteristics tend to die out (Darwin, 1859)
he who can get the best food, shelter, and resources while fighting off all other competition, gets to live the longest to attempt to pass on genetics. He who screws the best and delivers the best semen gets to pass on his genetics. |
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Term
Aspects of behavior that are associated with species survival include
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Definition
Mutations
Reflexes
Sensitization
Habituation
Modal Action Patterns
Realeasers
General Behavioral Traits |
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Term
| Limit of Natural Selection are? |
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Definition
Learning
Nature vs Nurture
Learning Vs Instinct |
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Term
| All Characteristics that were once selected by the enviroment remain helpful for the species? Yes No Explanation |
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Definition
No Characteristics may eventually become maladaptive and be a weakness for the species.
Sickle shaped red blood cells- fought off maleria, now causes sickle cell anemia and crisis and is no longer needed now that we have control of malaria
Peppered Moths- Light moth and dark moth all had trees they could camouflogue on from birds till industrial revolution. All light trees became dark, and the light moths got eaten. |
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Term
| Reflexes allow us to do what, what is the mechanisim called and process |
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Definition
Reflexes allow us to respond quickly, like before it hits the brain by using the reflex arc, that sends impulse from stimulus up to sensory neuron, to spinal column, and hits the interneuron in the intergration center in the verterbrae, and instead of going to brain it goes straight back to motor neuron, that triggers the effector muscle to get your damn hand off the stove! |
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Term
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Definition
Grasping
Rooting
Suckling
Eye blinking
Pupillary movement
Vomit
Patellar |
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Term
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Definition
Buzzing mosquito
Screaming baby in movie theater
Cops in your rearview mirror |
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Term
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Definition
Touching sea anemone
Wet pull up
Perfume
hot sauce
Clock chime
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Term
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Definition
Reinforcement occures on some occasion but not others depending on the rules that is implemented Slower Acquisition
Greater resistance to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
Behavior reinforced every time perfectly
Learn quickly
Poor resistance to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
reinforcement is delivered following a specified average number of correct responses, VR-10, 5 or 15 responses. Reduces post reinforcement pause effect leads to more behaviors per time than FR
Playing slots vr wins |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuous reinforcments or FR1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Fixed ration, reinforcement is delivered following fixed number of correct responses; FR 5 |
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Term
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Definition
| ® Reinforcement is delivered following the first correct behaviors performed after a specific amount of time has passed. FI 30 seconds- reinforcement delievered once the correct behavior is performed following a 30 second interval |
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Term
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Definition
slowed performance after reinforcement and increased performance leading up to reinforcement end of interval.
Not study for 4 weeks, as test comes closer study more and more then frantically till test, after test no studying |
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Term
| Not study for 4 weeks, as test comes closer study more and more then frantically till test, after test no studying is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ® Reinforcement is delivered following the first correct behavior performed after average amount of time has past |
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Term
| reinforcemnt is delivered for a correct response after 10 seconds on average, maybe 5 or 15 seconds.. Is a what schedule |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcement is delivered if behavior is performed continuously for a specified amount of time |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforced is delivered upon continuous behavior performed for a specified average amount of time. |
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Term
| Resistance to extinction schedules are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Behaviors maintained on intermittent schedules of reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than are those on CRF schedule |
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Term
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Definition
| Partial Reinforcement Effect-Behaviors maintained on intermittent schedules of reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than are those on CRF schedule |
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Term
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Definition
| Because non-reinforced behaviors are frustrating, tolerance to frustration is being reinforced intermittently |
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Term
| Discrimination Hypothesis |
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Definition
| subject cannot distinguish between extinction trial and non reinforced intermittent schedule trial |
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Term
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Definition
| ○ Like putting up with co-workers, poorly designed equipment, and unreliable vending machines, and you keep trying because occasionally it works right |
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Term
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Definition
| string of non-reinforced behaviors are reinforced ○ FR 5 = 5 1. nrf, 2. nonrf 3 non, 4 non-reforce 5 woohoo reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| Unit of behavior is what is reinforced, rather than single behaviorFR 3 schedule reinforces 3 lever presses which may be considered 1 unit. Need to divide the amount of responses by what the FR |
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Term
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Definition
can tell us which will penny choose red or yellow, bob or Dave Response to each schedule is proportionate to the reinforcement offered by each schedule
B1/B2 = r1/r2 |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more schedules are in play at one time each involving a different behavior stimulus; gambling pigeons |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement is contingent on 2 or more organisms combine to respond to a specific schedule |
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Term
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Definition
| ame as chain but without stimulus triggering scheduleBlind Sniffy has no idea what schedule he is on but can eventually figure it out, and then has to figure out that he has to do a shit ton of stuff before he is rewarded. |
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Term
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Definition
| § Behavior is under influence of 2 different schedules, but change is not triggered by any apparent stimulus, no light stimulus as with multiple schedule above |
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Term
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Definition
| change in behavior as a result of watching others |
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Term
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Definition
| Model's behaviors produces reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| Model's behavior is punished |
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Term
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Definition
cats in the puzzle box did not learn from watching other cats
Said animals can't learn from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Used monkey's and said that animals can learn from each other. |
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Term
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Definition
Cats figured out how to get treat of lazy Susan.
more times a cat watched the model, the quicker they solved, slowest was as fast as fastest original model |
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Term
Rosekrans & Hartup (1967)
bobo doll studies |
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Definition
| If model was reinforced, Children 4 aggressive acts, no model 1.5 acts aggression, Model aggression PUNISHED .5 agre |
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Term
| Observation learning without imitation |
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Definition
| Can learn what not to do, If I don't stick my finger in lightsocket I won't get shocked like dumb ass |
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Term
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Definition
| Following the crowd gets you out of the building |
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Term
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Definition
| If outcome good for model Imitation likely. Bad outcome imitation not likely. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Generalization with Classical conditioning |
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Definition
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Term
| Generalization with operanant conditioning |
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Definition
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Term
| Generalization is vital to __________ And crucial to ______ Why |
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Definition
vital to learning and crucial to research
Problems of generalization
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Term
Generalization increases _______________
in a variety of settings |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Primary Generalization gradiant |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary Generalization gradiant |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibitory Generalization |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Extinction of response in all other situations |
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Definition
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Term
| Successive discrimination training |
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Definition
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Term
| Simultaneous Discrimination training |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Errorless Discrimination Training |
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Definition
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Term
| Differential Outcome Effect |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Imprecise stimulus control |
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Definition
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Term
| Variables that effect stimulus control |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Discrimination Training Characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| Generalization & discrimination theories |
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Definition
Pavlov's Theory
Spence's Theory
Lashley-Wade Theory
Kohler's Relational Theory |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Kohler's Relational Theory |
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Definition
Transpositional Effect
transposed knowledge onto new circumstances
pigeon with dark grey (S+) and medium grey squares(S-) was given light grey and they medium grey because of this effect it choose the _____ |
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Term
| Mental rotation or discrimination |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a change in behavior due to the experience of observing a model. |
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Term
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Definition
| Observer looks on as model's behavior produces reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| Observer watches model get their little ass in trouble for what they did |
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Term
| Did study of Cats getting treat off lazy susan. How slow was the slowest observer compared to model |
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Definition
Herbert & Harsh (1994)
Slowest observer was still as fast as fastest model |
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Term
| What experimenters used Bobo dolls |
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Definition
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Term
| What did they do to Bobo dolls with who watching |
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Definition
| an adult either praised or critizied another adult who was beating up the bobo doll with a mallet while pre preschooler's watched and then measured how the children treated the bobo doll |
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Term
| Outcome of Bobo Doll Experiment |
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Definition
| Kids beat the living hell out of the doll very violently if the model had been praised, but even less than neutral control if model had been critized |
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Term
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Definition
| When observer does what they watch model do |
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Term
| Can obeservational learning occur without imitation |
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Definition
| Yes, if they see the model recieve punishment for action model most likely will not perform that action |
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Term
| Consequences of Model's Behavior |
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Definition
Good outcome for model we imitate
Model has bad outcome won't imitate |
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Term
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Definition
| Once chimp solved the problem they would no longer rely on the model for problem solving |
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Term
| Result of Observer Behavior |
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Definition
| observer imitates model; if observer has no pay off, observer will not repeat behavior |
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Term
| Observer more likely to LEARN from Model when model is PERCEIVED AS |
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Definition
Competent
Attractive
Likable
Prestigious
Dr. Oz for health advice |
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Term
| Observer more likely to IMITATE models that are |
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Definition
Attractive
Powerful
Popular
explains why Paris Hilton's incomptent ass is a celebrity |
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Term
| Observer's Age depends on what |
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Definition
| older children more likely to learn than younger, and also more likely to learn than adult |
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Term
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Definition
| Children More likely to learn than adult |
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Term
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Definition
| Female chimps learn quicker than the boys by 2.5 yrs to get termites BECAUSE THEY PAY ATTENTION SOONER |
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Term
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Definition
| Younger children benefited less than older children from model |
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Term
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Definition
| Children learn better from copying than adults |
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Term
| Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory's 4 major processes |
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Definition
| Attentional, retentional, Motor Reproductive, Motivational |
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Term
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Definition
| Observer must attend to relevant aspects of model behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Observer must represent model's behavior in their mind (verbal, imagery) in order to recall it later |
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Term
| Motor Reproductive Process |
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Definition
| ® Observers must have the physical capability to reproduce model's behavior. |
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Term
| Miller- Dollard Reinforcement Theory |
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Definition
| Changes in an observer's behavior are due to the consequences of the observers beh not those of model |
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Term
| Problems with Miller-Dollard |
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Definition
Beh may continue when model no longer present
Power of reinforcer may persist |
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Term
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Definition
| Monkey's washed potato's after watching others; however, a monkey can independently learn to wash their own potato |
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Term
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Definition
| Chickadee's learned to puncture foil wrappers on cream from other chickadee's; chickadee could learn independently never assume all beh if from modeling |
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Term
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Definition
| □ Bats learned to find a mealworm faster by watching another bat than if they were reinforced for finding the worm themselves w/o model representation |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron that fires when either engaged in a behavior or observing that same behavior in others. |
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Term
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Definition
Boys more likely to imitate model behavior
Girls more likely to avoid bad outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Monkeys that were sexually aroused didn't learn much if anything |
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Term
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Definition
| Population divided is it psychological or physiological. Based upon feeling or upon the arousal from watching? |
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Term
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Definition
| § Reinforcement is delivered only after completing a series of schedules, each triggered by a stimulus change |
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Term
| Non contingent reinforcement |
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Definition
| chedules in which reinforcement is delivered irrespective of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcer delivered after a specific amount of time has passed regardless of behavior E.g The clock chimes every hour on the hour (Some may find chime to be delightful) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcer delivered on varied time period regardless of behavior ® You have mail email alert |
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Term
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Definition
§ Gradually stretching the ratio shapes persistence
§ Gambling- few early winds keeps you playing despite long "loosing streak" |
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Term
| Partial Reinforcement Effect |
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Definition
| § Behaviors maintained on intermittent schedules of reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than are those on CRF schedule |
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Term
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Definition
| suggest that unreinforced behaviors should make them less likely to occur not more likely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior is a function of it's consequences |
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Term
| Operant (instrumental) conditioning |
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Definition
| Behavior that "operates" in the environment is strengthen or weakened by its consequences |
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Term
| Escape-Avoidance Learning: |
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Definition
| Once organism learns to escape an aversive stimulus, it eventually learns to perform the behavior before the stimulus arrives, thus avoiding it |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure to learn escape-avoidance behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| einforce successful completion of one link, before moving to the second… Karate dances |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforce the last link, before rewarding the next to last one: sea lions |
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Term
| Variables Affecting Reinforcement |
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Definition
Contingency
Contiguity
Reinforce Charcteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Strong Reinforcment-Stimulus correlation is better |
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Term
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Definition
| Shorter interval between reinforcer and stimulus the better |
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Term
| Reinforcer Characteristics |
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Definition
More desired better
Rarer contact with reinforcer |
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Term
| Crespi Effect (aka, Contrast Effect) |
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Definition
| If the reward is too big the desire has been satisfied and well reinforcement no longer works |
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Term
| Negative effect of Crespi |
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Definition
| If training with one size reinforcement, then decrease it- behavior decreases to less than if started at smaller size |
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Term
| Positive Effect pf Crespi |
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Definition
| If training starts with small reinforcement the increases it- behavior increases to greater than if a started at larger size. |
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Term
| Variable characteristics of conditioning that make conditioning easier |
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Definition
orgaisim predisposed biologically
Motivation
competing reinforcers minimal |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcer works better when organism is deprived of need met by reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| one reinforcer working on one behavior while stronger reinforcer works on competing behavior |
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Term
| Why operant conditioning works |
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Definition
Reward Pathway
Latent Learning
Exitiction |
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Term
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Definition
dopaminergic pathway from middle brain to frontal cortex.
Dopamine releases happy juju |
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Term
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Definition
| learning takes place in the absence of reinforcement, reinforcement just speeds it along. |
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Term
| Premack Principle: relative value theory |
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Definition
| frequently occurring behaviors can be used to reinforce less frequent behaviors |
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Term
| Response Deprivation Theory (Equilibrium theory) |
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Definition
| Behavior becomes reinforcing when organism is deprived of engaging in it to level below organisms base line of participating in that behavior |
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Term
Mowrer's Two-Process Theory: classical and operant conditioning together
(shocking dogs in dark room) |
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Definition
| removal of stimulus that reliably predicts unconditioned aversive stimulus Becomes CS. (dark is now feared) Behavior (Jumping out of box) escapes the CS before shock is received. |
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Term
| One-process theory of avoidance |
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Definition
| Escape and avoidance are reinforced by a reduction in the aversive stimulus. (less dark, less shock will keep them jumping) |
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Term
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Definition
| applying or removing aversive stimulus which has the effect of decreasing liklihood of future behavior |
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Term
| Punishment two process theory |
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Definition
| Stimulus becomes Associated with fear and the avoidance of the stimulus is reinforced by the reduction of fear |
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Term
| Punishment one process theory |
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Definition
| Operant conditioning is responsible for weakening behavior in the same way it strengthened it : Law of Effect, Relative Value Theory (premack): no smoking unless you run three miles |
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Term
| Lovaas Study with autistic Children |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Punishment works best when |
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Definition
fast
effective
maintains control |
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Term
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Definition
Escape aviodance
apathy
aggression
abuse
imitation of punisher |
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Term
| Alternatives to punishemnt |
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Definition
Response prevention
Extinction
Differential Reinforcement |
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Term
|
Definition
| differential reinforcement of zero responding |
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Term
|
Definition
| differential reinforcement of low rate |
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Term
|
Definition
| differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| application of an aversive stimulus which has the effect of decreasing the likelihood of behavior: spanking, riticule |
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Term
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Definition
| Penalty training removal of a stimulus which has the effect of decreasing the likelihood of a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Punishment temporarily suppres all behaviors. Widely discredited because effects may not be temporary; suggest contingency not important |
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Term
| Passive Avoidance type theory |
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Definition
| Passive behavior of failing to make a response is what is actually learned through punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| learns to avoid the punishment rather than change the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
intense stimuli are more effective at reducing behavior than weak stimuli
tap the dogs head say no vs Shock collar |
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Term
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Definition
| series of interrelated acts found in nearly all members of a species: nest building, cat arching back and hissing |
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Term
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Definition
| Environmental stimuli that elicit behavior in organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| Role of genes in determing behavioral tendencies § More variable than Modal Action Patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| different neural processes responsible for Habituation and Sensitiization occur simultaneously, but given response depends on net result |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationship between environmental events and certain kinds of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
Glandular secretions that appear to be provoked from thoughts, wishes, sights, sounds or smells.
Salivating as one thinks about eating a hamburger or WAR HEADS |
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Term
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Definition
| § Following a break from extinction trials, a weakened CR may be elicited by the CS again w/out further pairing with US |
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Term
|
Definition
| Time between CS and response decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| } CS is periodically presented alone |
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Term
|
Definition
| } With Conditioning CR becomes more intense |
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Term
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Definition
} Movie Jaws conditioned the entire United States against beaches
} Subject slows down other activities when stimulus is presented (conditioned fear)
SR= (response w/CS)/(total responding w/& w/out CS) A/A+B |
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Term
| ◊ Higher- order Conditioning |
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Definition
} Neutral Stimulus is paired with an established CS. So that neutral stimulus also becomes CS.
} Paired bell and & steak work with the UR to steak to increase response |
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Term
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Definition
} If two neutral stimuli are paired, then one becomes a CS by being pared with a US, the other can more easily become a CS
} Bell and light go off together. Then you can pair bell and poof, to cause blink |
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Term
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Definition
} When a compound stimulus is used as a CS, one stimulus may over power the other such that the second does not elicit the CR alone
– Bell & light paired with steak = Salivate |
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Term
| ◊ Kamin's Blocking Effect- |
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Definition
} Due to prior experince with one part of a compound stimulus, a second stimulus is blocked from becoming a CS
Dog & Happy pills= liking dog even w/o happy pills |
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Term
|
Definition
| pre-exposure to CS by itself slows acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
| The CS predicts the US and thus establishes a contingency. Bot contguity and contingency must be present for conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
when CR beings to precede US
Ding --poof--slobber – Becomes
Ding --Slobber-- Poof |
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Term
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Definition
| CS comes and little bit of an overlap of CS shutting off and US starting } Pretty effective to classically condition someone |
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Term
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Definition
} CS comes on and off before US starts.
} Smaller the gap the better |
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Term
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Definition
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