Azotobacter (genus)

nitrogen fixing

free living

Gram -

rods

aerobic

slime

cysts

Bacillus

gram +

rods

aerobic or facultative anaerobe

catalase +

endospore

Clostridium

gram +

rods

obligate anaerobes

catalase -

endospore

Streptomyces

gram +

filamentous

sporophores

spores

geosmin- earthy smell

antibiotic production

Acinetobacter

gram -

rods to coccobacilli

oxidase -

nonmotile

Myxobacteria

gram -

slender rods

gliding motility

feed on other bacteria

complex life cycle

fruiting bodies with myxospores

Micrococcaceae

Staphylococcus & Micrococcus

gram +

catalase +

salt tolerant

Micrococcus

Micrococcaceae family

Gram +

cocci (tetrads)

catalase +

aerobic

salt tolerant

Staphylococcus

Micrococcaceae family

Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis, Staph. saprophyticus

Gram +

cocci (grape like formation)

catalase +

facultative anaerobes

salt tolerant

Propionibacterium

gram +

irregular rods

anaerobic to aerotolerant

catalase +

Acetic Acid Bacteria

Gluconobacter & Acetobacter

gram -

rods

aerobic

grow in habitat with yeasts

Gluconobacter

"underoxidizer"

incomplete TCA cycle

ETOH -> acetic acid

motile, polar flagellum

gram -

rods

aerobic

grow in habitat with yeasts

Acetobacter

"overoxidizer"

ETOH -> acetic acid -> CO2

oxidizes all ETOH first

motile

gram -

rods

aerobic

grow in habitat with yeasts

Enterobacteriaceae

E. Coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella

gram -

rods

oxidative and fermentative

all ferment glucose

oxidase -

reduce nitrate to nitrite

E. coli

indol +

gram -

rods

oxidative and fermentative

all ferment glucose

oxidase -

reduce nitrate to nitrite

Enterobacter

indol -

motile

ornithine decarboxylase +

gram -

rods

oxidative and fermentative

all ferment glucose

oxidase -

reduce nitrate to nitrite

Klebsiella

indol -

nonmotile

ornithine decarboxylase negative

gram -

rods

oxidative and fermentative

all ferment glucose

oxidase -

reduce nitrate to nitrite

Pseudomonas

gram -

motile by polar flagellum

aerobic - some respire anaerobically (obligate respirers)

oxidase +

metabolically versatile

Lactic Acid Bacteria

Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus

gram +

rods and cocci

only ferment (aerotolerant anaerobes)

produce lactic acid as product

require complex media

catalase -

Streptococcus

homolactic fermentation

gram +

rods and cocci

only ferment (aerotolerant anaerobes)

produce lactic acid as product

require complex media

catalase -

Leuconostoc

coccus

heterolactic fermentation

gram +

only ferment (aerotolerant anaerobes)

produce lactic acid as product

require complex media

catalase -

Lactobacillus

homo or heterolactic

rods

gram +

only ferment (aerotolerant anaerobes)

produce lactic acid as product

require complex media

catalase -

Gram +

Micrococcaceae

(micrococcus & staphylococcus)

Lactic Acid Bacteria

(streptococcus, leuconostoc, lactobacillus)

Bacillus

Clostridium

Streptomyces

Propionibacterium

Winogradsky Column

Mud + CaSO4 + Cellulose + NH4 + PO4 topped w/pond water

Top remains aerobic, while the rest becomes anaerobic

Facultative heterotrophs oxidize organic matter consuming O2 and making the lower part of the column anaerobic

With light provided as an energy source, microbial community will continue to grow and persist indefinitely

cyanobacteria - aerobic, grows at top

non-sulfur purples

purple sulfers and green sulfers - oxidize H2S to S in anaerobic photosynthesis

Fermentation

Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Enrichment

Selection

Resting stage/

dormant cells

endospores - bacillus & clostridium

cysts

myxospores

spores

Endospore

Bacillus & Clostridium

when an essential nutrient becomes limiting, diferentiate into resting state cell

enrich by heating

select by growing

most resilient form of life

no metabolism

resistant to heat, drying, radiation & chemicals

Spore

Sporophore

Myxospore