Term
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Definition
| the branch of the immune system that responds in a specific manner to each specific diseas-causing microorganism encountered; the respond is therefore "learned" or "acquired" by the body after exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease that develops rapidly |
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Definition
| a group of organism ranging from single-celled species to large multicellular species, which all have the ability to photosynthesize; these organisms are plant-like but lack roots, flowers, and true leaves of the higher plants |
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Term
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Definition
| a bacterial disease primarily of hoofed animals, but can cause infections in humans; the organism is capable of producing spores and thus is stable in the enviroment for many years even in harsh conditions; infection is usually initiated after an animal grazes on contaminated land, and the spores enter small abrasions in the mouth of the animal |
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Term
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Definition
| an antimicrobial agent that is produced by one type of microorganism (usually a fungus or bacteria) to inhibit another type of microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of protection against the effect of an antibiotic; the ability to withstand and survive exposure to antibiotics; microorganisms can acquire this state of protection by mutation or by acquiring new genes that enable the resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein made by B cells (a type of white blood cell) that is capable of binding to a very specific portion of a foregin substance; are an important component of acquired immunity; each B cell can only make one type of this |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that stimulates an immune response, especially the production of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| any agent, especially a chemotherapeutic agent, that kills or inhibits the growth of infectious microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical agent used on skin or living tissues in order to inhibit or eliminate microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| an agent containing antibodies against a toxic compound (usually produced by a microorganism) that has the ability to neutralize or block its negative effects on the body |
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Term
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Definition
| an agent containing antibodies against a toxic compound in a venom that has the ability to neutralize or block the venom's negative effects on the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of prokaryotic cells that are grouped separately from the eubacteria (in the three-domain classification system); these bacteria are considered the most ancient forms of life |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder that results from an aberrant immune response in which the body's immune response is directed against its own cells and tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of wihte blood cell that is responsible for producing antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| single-celled microorganisms; the simple cell structure of these lack a nucleus and are sometimes also referred to as prokaryotes, which means "before a nucleus"; when capitilized, the term refers to "eubactera" in the three-domain taxonomic classification system |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of virus that infects bacterial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a prominent Italian scientist of his time; he was the first to actually describe a microbial cause of disease (affecting silkworms); he worked in the mid to late 1800's |
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Definition
| the tissue within the center of the larger bones (in humans); the cells within the these are responsible for producing the blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the protein structure that surrounds and protetcs the nucleic acid genome in viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer protective structure of many types of bacterial cells; it is usually comprised of polysaccharide (linked sugar) molecules; this structure often plays a role in resisting phagocytosis by macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| the phospholipid bilayer structure that surrounds the cell and serves as a semi-permeable barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease that lingers for a long period of time, usually months or years |
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Term
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Definition
| the short hair-like projections found on some types of eukaryotic cells that enable movement of the cell or movement of substances over the cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a safe and shelf-stable product that is free of microorganisms, including spores of bacteria of the genus Bacillus and Clostridium; however, some spore types that are not a threat to the health of consumers may remain |
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Term
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Definition
| describes an infection that can be spread from person to person |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of proteins in the bloodstream that, when activated, perform a variety of functions to help clear a foreign invader; complement activities include punching holes in the membranes of foreign cells, coating foreign cells so that phagocytes can better attach to them, and stiumulation of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| a tube-like structure that is synthesized by one bacterial cell and attaches to another bacterial cell for the purpose of transferring DNA to the other cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of "getting better"; the last stage of infection where the individual is able to eliminate the infectious agent from the body and heal itself |
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Term
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Definition
| the jelly-like material that fills cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the last stage of a serious infection when individiuals cannot heal themselves and succumb to the infection and die; may also be used to refer to the healing stage and subsequent diminishing symptoms of infection |
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Term
| Deoxyribonucelic acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| the double-stranded helical polymer-type molecule that contains all the genetic information for a cell; each nucleotide (single unit) contains a suagr (deoxyribose), a phosphate, and one of four bases, which are abbreviated as G.A.T.C. |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of removing water from a substance; drying |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which an individual experiences more frequent and more liquid bowel movements than is normal for that individual; cramping may be present |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of physical agents or a chemical means to destroy most microbes, espcially microorganisms that cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
| abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of removing water from a substance; desification |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease of the intestinal tract characterized by frequent bloody bowel movements with cramps and straining; mucus and inflammatory cells will also be found in the stools along with blood |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of microscope that uses electrons instead of light in order to image a target; the magnification power of this type of microscope can be up to a couple million times; a regular light microscope can only magnifiy up to a maximum of two thousand times |
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Term
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Definition
| a process by which a substance gains entry into a cell without passing through the cell membrane; portions of the cell membrance are pinched inward and form vesicles within the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a highly resistant round or oval body produced by some bacteria that includes all their important cellular components; this form enables them to survive for extended periods of time in harsh enviromental conditions; sometimes referred to as spores |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of virus that has a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins surrounding the capsid structure |
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Term
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Definition
| a scientist trained to pinpoint the cause or source of a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a cell type that contains a nucleus and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which an infectious microorganism is introduced into the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of passing a liquid substance through a membrane that contains small pores; typically, the pores are smaller than 0.45 micrometers in order to trap the majority of common bacteria on the membrane; any viruses present in the substancre would pass through the pores |
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Term
| Flagella (singular = flagellum) |
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Definition
| hair-like projections that serve as a means of movement in different cell types; bacterial and eukaryotic cells may have flagella although the structure is different; although both can participate in cell movement, eukaryotic cilia are much shorter than eukaryotic flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| an Italian physician, geologist, astronomer, and poet who wrote On Contagion and Contagious Diseases in 1546, which articulated a form of the germ theory of disease a full three hundred years before it became generally accepted |
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Term
| Fungi (singular = fungus) |
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Definition
| a group of eukaryotic organisms that contain cell walls and include the yeasts and molds; they are known for their ability to decompose; they do not photosynthesize |
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Term
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Definition
| the realization that certain microorganisms can cause certain diseases; the idea was written about on several occasions until it was ultimately demonstrated by Robert Koch and subsequently accepted by scientists of his time |
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Term
| Golgi apparatus (plural = Golgi Apparati) |
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Definition
| an organelle of eukaryotic cells; it is considered the packaging and distributiuon center of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a type of bacteria that stains pink; its cell structure consists of two membranes with a thin cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a type of bacteria that stains purple; itscell structure consists of a single membrane with a thick cell wall that lies outside the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of energy transfer associated with the kinetic movement of atoms and molecules; temperature is a means of measuring the transfer of this type of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of white blood cell that coordinates the acquired immune response; it is recognizable by the CD4 receptors on its surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a progenitor cell type that is capable of developing into any blood cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that if a population is mostly protected/vaccinated against a specific pathogen, the few susceptible individuals are not likely to come in contact with an infected individual, so they too are protected |
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Term
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Definition
| a Greek physician credited with being the Father of Modern Medicine; he taught his students about healthy living and physical causes of diease (not supernatural); he also developed an oath of medical ethics for practicing physicians that is still used today |
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Term
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Definition
| the organism (human, animal, or other) that is infected with a microorganism or parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| sanitary practices and general cleanliness that help minimize the spread of disease-causing microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| an educated guess relying on known information about a topic, regarding the outcome of a particular experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of protection from an infectious disease |
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Term
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Definition
| the discipline concerned with the abilities of the body to prevent and clear infections and cancer; the study of the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of people who develop a specific disease within a given time period (such as a year) |
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Term
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Definition
| an illness caused by a microorganism multiplying within the body |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the part of the immune system that is completely functional at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| a process by which an item is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, typically of the short wavelength (high energy) type, such as gamma rays or X rays, but may also be used to refer to ultraviolet light exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition where the skin and selera (white portion of the eyes) become yellow in color; this is usually due to an excess breakdown of hemoglobin (contained in the red blood cells) or a defect in the processing of the breakdown products by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered that the process of immunizing an individual with cowpox protected that individual from the more deadly smallpox |
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Term
| Killer T cells (cytotoxic T cell) |
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Definition
| a type of white blood cell that is responsible for recognizing the individual's own cells that have been altered in some way (such as after being infected with a virus); these cells are recognizable by the CD8 marker on their surface |
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Term
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Definition
| the first physician to experimentally verify the germ theory of disease; he also developed important methods for staining and isolating bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of stepwise procedures by which a specific organism can be shown to be the cause of a specific disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of infection that can undergo a period of dormancy before reappearing |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual who lived in the latter part of the 1600's; he wrote letters to the Royal Society of London describing microscopic life forms that he viewed with powerful magnifying lenses |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that binds (attaches) to a specific receptor molecule and initiates a reaction by the receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| two layers of phospholipid molecules that form a semi-permeable barrier for cells and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| a British surgeon who began a reform in surgical methods in the latter part of the 1800's |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles (found in eukaryotic cells) that contain digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of white blood cell that is phagocytic and has migrated into the tissues of the body; macrophages are activated forms of monocytes (another white blood cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of organelle (found in eukaryotic cells) responsible for making ATP for the cell; often referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell" |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of fungus that is multicellular and takes on a cottony appearance when growing on many substances |
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Term
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Definition
| used in the process of protein synthesis; a strand made from the DNA instructions for a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of virus that contains only the nucleic acid genome surrounded by protein (capsid) |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane-bound organelle subcellular organelle found in eukaryotes that contains the cell's chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane-bound structures in eukaryotic cells that perform specialized functions |
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Term
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Definition
| a French scientist who made many contributions that supported the germ theory of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a microorganism that is capable of causing disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell specializing in ingesting and digesting invading microorganisms and small debris within the body |
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Term
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Definition
| describes organisms that are capable of the synthesis of sugar from light, carbon dioxide, and water |
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Term
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Definition
| small projections on some bacterial cell surfaces that are used to attach to the surface of another cell or substance |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of people in a population affected by a specific disease at a given time |
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Term
| Principle of microbial parasitism |
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Definition
| the idea that a microorganism can act as a parasite (or pathogen) to cause disease or death in a host organism |
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Term
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Definition
| an infectious protein molecule; the misshapen protein influences normally folded proteins to fold abnormally; the accumulation of misshapen proteins initiates the disease process |
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Term
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Definition
| the symptom-free, early stage of infection |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a bacterial cell; the type of cell that lacks nuclei and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| single-celled eukaryotic organisms that are considered to be "animal-like" due to their ability to move and their need to ingest food for survival (are not photosynthetic) |
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Term
| Pseudopodia (singular = pseudopod) |
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Definition
| temporary finger-like projections of cells, such as amoebas or white blood cells, that enable the cell to move in the direction of the projection; the name means "false feet" |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a method or belief that claims to be scientific but does not follow the conventions or proper scientific methodology |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein or other type of molecule on the cell membrane (or elsewhere) that binds to a ligand; when a ligand binds to one of these, a chemical reaction is initiated |
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Term
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Definition
| a process to remove heat and thus lower the temperature of an item, but is typically understood that the object will not reach a freezing temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| a polymer (chain) of nucleotide monomers; this type of monomers each consist of the sugar riboe, phosphate, and one of four bases, which are abbreviated G.A.U.C.; differs from DNA in that the "T" of DNA is replaced by the "U", and the sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose in DNA; is transcribed from a DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| a conglomerate of protein and ribosomal RNA, these structures participate in protein synthesis by translating the messenger RNA into a chain of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| the abbreviation of ribonucleic acid |
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Term
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) |
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Definition
| this organelle is found in eukaryotic cells and has many ribosomes associated with it; protein synthesis occurs here |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of RNA that forms a part of the structure of a ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which scientists determine new information; the course of action is typically cyclical in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| a Hungarian obstetrician responsible for introducing antiseptics as a way to reduce the transmission of infections in hospitals |
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Term
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Definition
| a system-wide condition caused by the multiplication of bacteria in the bloodstream and the resulting immune response; fever, chills, and other systemic reponses are present; often associated with severe infections |
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Term
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Definition
| an observable trait, such as fever or lesion, that helps in the diagnosis of a disease; contrasted with a symptom |
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Term
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) |
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Definition
| an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that serves several roles in different cells types; the main functions include lipid synthesis and metabolism of different carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| often considered the Father of Modern Epidemiology |
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Term
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Definition
| a mystical belief that organisms, specifically microorganisms, arise from non-living materials and energy and not by natural reproductive means |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell type from which other cell types can develop |
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Term
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Definition
| the complete elimination or destruction of all microbes including spores |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe wild or forest-dwelling animals (not domestic animals) |
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Term
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Definition
| a subjective change that can only be experienced by an individual, such as the report of pain in a specific area, that provides a diagnostic clue as to the cause of the disease suffered by the individual; contrasted with a sign |
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Term
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Definition
| the time during an infection when signs and symptoms are present; this period follows the prodromal stage |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of white blood cell that matures in the human thymus; these cells are either of the helper or killer type |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of RNA that associates with specific amino acids and is responsible for delivering that amino acid to the ribosome when needed during the translation of an mRNA; each of these associates with only one of the twenty amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of guidelines established by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention intended to protect heathcare workers and laboratory technicians from infection with blood-borne pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| a practice used from about 1000 A.D. until the latter part of the eighteenth century where fluid and/or scabs from a smallpox patient was intorduced into a healthy individual in an attempt to produce mild disease and subsequent immunity to a more sever smallpox form |
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Term
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Definition
| a complete virus; a particle that is a virus |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the degree of ability an organism has to cause disease; the more virulent an organism is, the more severe a diease will be after infection |
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Term
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Definition
| a microorganism that consists of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat; some also have a lipid envelope; these microbes rely on the host cell they infect to reproduce and thus are not considered truly "alive" |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular (single-celled) fungi |
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