Term
| Do abnormalities occur more quickly in blood or urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three urine collection methods? |
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Definition
-voided / mid-stream free catch
-cystocentesis
-catheterization |
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Term
| What are some advantages to a sample collected by mid-stream free catch? |
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Definition
-no risk of complications
-client can do it |
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Term
| What are some disadvantages to a sample collected by mid-stream free catch? |
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Definition
| contamination by genitals, hair, etc |
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Term
| What are some advantages to a sample collected by catheterization? |
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Definition
-simple (males)
-can collect urine even when bladder is relatively empty |
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Term
| What are some disadvantages to a sample collected by catheterization? |
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Definition
-risk of causing UTI
-anesthesia required for cats
-can cause trauma or rupture |
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Term
| What are some advantages to a sample collected by cystocentesis? |
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Definition
-negligible risk of causing infection
-bypass genitals
-easy when bladder is palpable
-well tolerated
-blind technique is 50% effective |
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Term
| What are some disadvantages to a sample collected by cystocentesis? |
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Definition
-only used in dogs/cats
-potential for urine leakage
-potential to puncture other organs
Contraindications: confirmed bladder cancer (chance of seeding), ascites |
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Term
| What do you do if you'd like to do cystocentesis but the bladder is too small? |
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Definition
-wait
-give diuretics, but can't use USG for any diagnostics! |
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Term
| How much urine is left behind after an animal empties its bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| When performing a cystocentesis, where do you aim? |
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Definition
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Term
| After collection, when do you perform urinalysis? |
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Definition
-immediately!
-if sample is refrigerated, bring back to room temp (allows crystalization, etc) |
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Term
| What three things do you look for when performing a urinalysis? |
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Definition
-physical properties
-chemical properties
-microscopic sediments |
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Term
| What are some physical properties you assess when performing a urinalysis? |
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Definition
-color
-turbidity
-odor
-specific gravity (USG) |
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Term
| What gives urine its color? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some abnormal urine colors and their causes? |
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Definition
-red or reddish brown, RBCs, hemoglobin, myoglobin
-yellow-brown or yellow-green, bilirubin or proteus infection (UTI)
-other colors, drug metabolites |
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Term
| Which species have turbid urine? Why? |
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Definition
-horses and rabbits
-due to mucus and calcium carbonate crystals |
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Term
| What gives urine its smell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can cause an abnormal urine smell? |
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Definition
release of ammonia caused by urease-producing bacteria
urease breaks down BUN to ammonia, which makes struvites |
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Term
| What is the specific gravity? |
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Definition
-USG is a reflection of the number of molecules in the sample
-NOT a reflection of the size of the molecules! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the USG range for isotoneuric urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does really dilute urine suggest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chemical properties are assessed during urinalysis? |
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Definition
-pH
-protein
-glucose
-ketones
-occult blood
-bulirubin
-esterase
-USG |
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Term
| What causes changes in pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some causes of acidic urine? |
|
Definition
-meat diet
-metabolic/respiratory acidosis
-protein catabolic state
-paradoxical aciduria in metabolic alkalosis with potassium and chloride depletion |
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Term
| What are some causes of alkaline urine? |
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Definition
-plant based diet
-urine allowed to stand open to air at room temp
-post-prandial alkaline tide
-UTI from urease-pos bacteria
-metabolic/respiratory alkalosis |
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Term
| How is proteins described in urinalysis? |
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Definition
| -negative, trace, 1+ to 4+ |
|
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Term
| How can you get a false positive for protein on urinalysis? |
|
Definition
-if pH is > 7.5
-if urine is contaminated with Zephiran |
|
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Term
| What is the normal pH for carnivores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal pH for herbivores? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why is urine pH important to look at? |
|
Definition
-not used for diagnosing a disease
-used to assess medical therapies |
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Term
| Describe pre-glomerular proteinuria. |
|
Definition
| increased filtration of protein |
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Term
| Describe glomerular proteinuria. |
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Definition
| damage to glomerulus leads to excess protein leakage from blood to urine |
|
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Term
| Describe post-glomerular proteinuria. |
|
Definition
-failure of tubular reabsorption of protein
-protein leakage from damaged tubular cells
-lower UTI |
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Term
| What would cause a false positive on a glucose test during urinalysis? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What would cause a false negative on a glucose test during urinalysis? |
|
Definition
| formaldehyde, vitamin c, refrigerated urine |
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Term
| What are some causes of glucosuria? |
|
Definition
-diabetes (most common)
-stress (in cats)
-proximal renal tubular disease |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| products of exaggerated or incomplete oxidation of fatty acids |
|
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Term
| Which ketone is missed on the dipstick tests? |
|
Definition
beta-hydroxybutyrate!
-made 1st and most |
|
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Term
| What are some causes of ketonuria? |
|
Definition
-diabetic ketoacidosis (most common)
-starvation
-glycogen storage disease
-persistent hypoglycemia
-low carb, high fat diet |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-aka microscopic hematuria
-dipstick test pics up heme moities |
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|
Term
| The dipstick occult blood test picks up which things? |
|
Definition
-myoglobin
-hemoglobin
-lysed RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What causes bilirubinuria? |
|
Definition
-hemolysis
-liver disease
-extrahepatic biliary obstruction |
|
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Term
| When should the bilirubin test be done for urinalysis? |
|
Definition
immediately!
-room temp, air makes bilirubin unstable
-need urine centrifuges because crystals can adsorb bilirubin |
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Term
| What dipstick tests are not useful in vet med? |
|
Definition
-leukocyte esterase reaction
-nitrate reaction
-specific gravity reaction |
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Term
| Why is the leukocyte esterase reaction not useful? |
|
Definition
-specific in dogs but not sensitive
-sensitive in cats but not specific |
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Term
| What is hematuria? What can cause this? |
|
Definition
excess RBCs in urine
-trauma
-genital tract contamination
-UTI, FLUTD
-systemic coagulopathies
-urolithiasis |
|
|
Term
| What is pyuria? What can cause this? |
|
Definition
excess WBCs in urine
-UTI
-genital tract contamination |
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Term
| What do clumps of WBCs indicate? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What types of cells can be found in urinary sediment? |
|
Definition
-squamous
-transitional
-caudate
-renal tubular
-neoplastic |
|
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Term
| When would you see squamous epithelial cells? Is this diagnotically significant? |
|
Definition
-voided or catheterized samples
-during estrus
-not diagnostically significant |
|
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Term
| When would you see transitional epithelial cells? Is this diagnotically significant? |
|
Definition
-can be from renal pelvis or caudate
-usually see some, increased numbers can mean infection or irritation
-"rafts" could mean neoplasia |
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|
Term
| When would you see renal neoplastic cells? Is this diagnotically significant? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| -cylindrical molds of renal tubules composed of aggregated protein and/or cells |
|
|
Term
| Where are renal casts formed? Why? |
|
Definition
-distal nephron
-due to maximal acidity, highest solute concentration, and lowest flow rate |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of casts? |
|
Definition
-hyaline
-cellular
-coarse and fine granular
-fatty
-waxy |
|
|
Term
| What can cause hyaline casts? |
|
Definition
-proteinuria (renal or pre-renal origin)
-dehydration |
|
|
Term
| What do hyaline casts look like? |
|
Definition
| glistening without cellular components |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of cellular casts and their causes? |
|
Definition
-white cell or pus casts = pyelonephritis
-red cell casts = acute glomerulonephritis
-renal epithelial cell casts = acute tubular necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the Addis theory of cast formation? |
|
Definition
-the type of cast you see may imply the length of time since the damage was done
-casts start as cellular, granular, fatty, then waxy |
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