Term
KIDNEYS:
1) Size of what household object?
2) Sit right in front of _ _ _
3) Which 6 structures are they anatomically related to? (i.e. touches)
4) Which one of these 6 stuctures is a dome-shaped muscle that extends inferio-posteriorly?
5) Which one of these 6 structures are related to superior poles of kidney?
6)
a) Which one of these 6 structures are related posteriorly to kidneys (after posterior abdominal wall muscles)?
b) Where is the right kidney located in terms of this structure?
c) Where is the left kidney located in terms of this structure? if you fracture this structure, what happens to L kidney?
7) Where do the two muscles that touch the kidney reside? Which one can compress kidneys if it spasms?
8) Which specific kidney is related to spleen? |
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Definition
1) Bar of soap
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2) Posterior abdominal wall
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3)
1 - Diaphragm
2 - R&L adrenal glands
3 - Ribs
4+5 - Quadrate lumbar muscle & Psoas major muscle
6 - spleen.
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4) Diaphragm
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5) Adrenal glands
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6)
a) ribs
b) rib 12 on right side
c) rib 11/12 on left side, fracturing either of these could puncture kidney!
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7) Posterior Abdominal wall. The Psoas major can compress kidneys when spasmed
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8) LEFT KIDNEY RELATED TO SPLEEN |
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Term
KIDNEYS:
Which kidney sits lower than the other?
Why? |
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Definition
| The right sits slightly lower (@ rib 12) because Liver is pushing it down |
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Term
EXTERNAL KIDNEY:
1) a- What structure is presented on the medial border of kidneys?
b- And it's presented as what?
c- What enters/exits here? (3)
d- What does it contain? (3)
2) T or F: Renal artery is a direct branch of abdominal aorta
3) Where is venous blood directly returned to from kidneys? Through what vein?
4) T or F: Inferior Vena Cava is shifted slightly to the left side of the abdomen and sits very close to left kidney
5) Renal veins pass __ of aorta and behind _ _ artery (sandwiched between)
6) How many renal veins are there? Which one is longer? What is special about what one them?
7) The _ descends into _ cavity and ends to urinary bladder
8) What is the function of renal pelvis in hilum? |
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Definition
1) a- HILUM
b- Deep notch
c- Blood vessels, nerves & ureter
d- Renal vein, Renal artery, Renal Pelvis
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2) TRUE, renal artery = direct branch of abdominal aorta
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3) Inferior vena cava, through the renal vein
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4) FALSE. Inferior Vena Cava is shifted slightly to the RIGHT side of abdomen and sits very close to RIGHT kidney
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5) in front, superior mesenteric
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6) Two. One for each kidney. The left renal vein is longer. The right can act as forceps to pinch renal vein.
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7) Ureter, pelvic
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8) It acts as a funnel for pee going into ureter |
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Term
EXTERIOR KIDNEY TISSUE:
1) How many layers surrounding kidney? Names?
2) What are they all made of? |
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Definition
1) THREE KIDNEY LAYERS:
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Renal (fibrous) capsule
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Peri-renal fat
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Renal Fascia
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2) Connective tissue |
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Term
EXTERIOR KIDNEY TISSUE (con't):
1) Match description with either:
1i) Renal (fibrous) capsule
1ii) Peri-renal fat
1iii) Renal Fascia
a: Mechanical protection
b: Yellowish layer of fat surrounding the kidney (Note: Fat is a kind of connective tissue)
c: Gives the kidneys their shape!
d: Most exterior layer
e: Anchors kidneys in place
f: Most interior layer
g: Serves to cushion the kidneys AND provides thermo-insulation (keeps kidneys at a constant temperature)
h: Layer of dense irregular connective tissue
i: Layer of loose connective tissue
j: The thickness of that layer of fat could reach up to 3 inches (nothing to do with their BMI) |
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Definition
1i) Renal (fibrous) capsule
a, c, f, h.
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1ii) Peri-renal fat
b, g, j.
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1iii) Renal Fascia
d, e, i. |
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Term
INTERNAL KIDNEY:
1) Name it's two layers
2) Which one is immediately deep to renal capsule?
3) Which one has renal columns and which has renal pyramids? What is the relation b/w these two structural features?
4) What is a papilla? What structure & process do we find at the end of the papilla?
5) Nephrons are microscopic _ within the _, but specifically embedded within the _ _, and open at it's _
6) Main function of nephrons? |
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Definition
1) Cortex & Medulla
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2) Cortex
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3) Cortex has renal columns. Medulla has renal pyramids (separated by renal columns)
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4) Papilla = apex of every renal pyramid. We find nephrons at the end of them, where urine is passed to the first minor calyx
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5) tubules, medulla, renal pyramids, apex
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6) NEPHRONS FILTER URINE FROM BLOOD |
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Term
INTERNAL KIDNEY:
1) What ~equation~ of 3 things make up the renal lobe?
2) How many renal lobes in each kidney?
3) T of F: We have 1 thousand nephrons / kidney and we can survive with only 1/4 the tissue of one kidney
4) Name the small spaces that receive the papilla of the renal pyramids
5) Name structure formed by all major calyxes coming together. What happens to this structure after exiting the kidney?
6) ***** EXAM Q: What are the contents of the hilum of the kidney? ******
7) Name the structure formed by union of minor calyxes
8) Name the space which contains the major and minor calyxes + renal pelvis all together |
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Definition
1) Renal pyramid + 1/2 of the adjacent renal columns on either side + cortex covering the renal pyramid
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2) 16 -20
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3) FALSE. Truth = We have ~1 MILLION nephrons / kidney and we can survive with only 1/2 the tissue of one kidney
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4) Minor Calyx
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5) Renal Pelvis. After exiting the kidney, the renal pelvis continues to become THE URETER!! wahoooo!
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6) **** Hilum contains renal pelvis NOT the ureter! Ureter is outside (or after) the Hilum! *****
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7) Major Calyx
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8) Rena Sinus |
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Term
URETER:
1) A _ tube with length of roughly _ cm
2) What is it's only function? (path)
3) T or F: Ureter is a very thick muscular wall and can generate peristalsis, which causes movement of urine to bladder
4) What is the average size of its lumen? What is the maximum stretch (diameter) that can pass a kidney stone (i.e. bigger requires surgery)
5) Where are the most common sites for kidney stones to lodge?
6) The 1st narrowing starts at the _ of ureter, specifically the _ _ , and the bony landmark here is the level of _ _ vertebra
7) The 2nd narrowing is where the _ passes from the abdominal cavity into the _ cavity. It's bony landmark is _ _.
8) The 3rd narrowing is the point of what? What is its bony landmark? |
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Definition
1) Muscular, 25 cm
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2) to pass urine all the way down from kidneys to bladder
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3) TRUE
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4) 1 mm. 6 mm maximum stretch for stone.
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5) Any of the three narrowings
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6) beginning, renal pelvis, LI
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7) ureter, pelvic, sacroiliac joint.
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8) 3rd = point of entrance into the bladder. Landmark = Level of S2 vertebra |
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Term
URINARY BLADDER:
1) _ sac that stores urine (~_ - _ mL)
2) At what volume do we get the first (ignorable) warning to pee?
3) At what volume do we get the second (non-ignorable) warning?
4) What happens at ~500 mL level?
5) How many surfaces does it have? Names? (Directional)
6) Note: the ___ of an organ always sits opposite to the apex
7) Name another exterior bladder landmark and what its close to |
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Definition
1) Muscular, 700 - 800
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2) 150 mL
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3) 300 mL
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4) Third n' final warning: involuntary sphincter opens up
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5) FOUR surfaces:
Superior,
2 Inferolateral,
Posterior (base)
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6) BASE
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7) Apex - by pubis symphasis |
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Term
URINARY BLADDER SURFACES + Peritoneum:
MALE vs FEMALE
1) Superior surface:
(In both sexes) it is anatomically related to __ of the _ _ but in females, it is also related to _.
2) Posterior Surface (or base):
In both sexes, it is anatomically related to the __, but in females only it is related to _ _ as well and solely in males, its related to _ _
3) Inferolateral surfaces
In both sexes, it is anatomically related to _ _ muscles, but in men it is also related to _.
4) Peritoneum
In both sexes, it covers _ surface of bladder, and then reflects to cover _ surface of rectum. But - in females - before covering rectum it covers _ surface of _.
5) If bladder is only covered by peritoneum on one surface, that means it is a .... organ? What related features are also ...? |
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Definition
1) coils, small intestine, uterus
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2) Rectum, vaginal canal, seminal vesicles
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3) pelvic floor, prostate
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4) superior, anterior, inferior, uterus
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5) RETRO-PERITONEAL, ureters are too!!! |
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Term
INTERNAL BLADDER:
1) Has many of what kinds of folds?
2) What is the small reverse triangular space within bladder called?
- What do it's 2 superior points mark?
- Where is the exit for the urethra from bladder?
3) What two things stabilize the bladder in place?
4) What does the muscular wall of bladder prevent?
5) What passes through the muscular wall for a couple cm before opening to bladder?
6) T or F: Ureters have sphincters at the entrance of bladder.
7) How does an expanded bladder (w/ urine) prevent backflow?
8) What do you call the smooth muscle fibers of the bladder? |
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Definition
1) Mucosal
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2) Trigone
- 2 superior points = entrance points of the ureter into bladder
- Bottom point of trigone = point of exit for urethra from bladder
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3) Median and Lateral Umbilical Ligaments
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4) Backflow of urine up towards the kidney from the bladder
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5) Ureter
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6) FALSE. They do NOT have sphincters @ bladder entrance
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7) By compressing and collapsing ureter
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8) Detrusor Muscle |
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Term
MALE URETHRAL SPHINCTER:
1) What is the internal urethral sphincter composed of? (from where)
- Voluntary or involuntary?
- Present or absent in females? |
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Definition
1) Smooth muscle fibres of bladder (detrusor muscle)
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- Involuntary
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- THIS SPHINCTER IS ABSENT IN FEMALES |
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Term
MALE URETHRA - Sagittal section
[image]
*** Know labels ***
1) Name the FIRST part of urethra. (Before getting into prostate)
2) Name the part that passes through the prostrate.
3) Then urethra has to pass through _ _ muscles (more specifically, _ muscles). This section of urethra is called _ _ (b/c it is passing through a muscle _).
4) Name last part of urethra that passes through penis. (aka, aka)
5) The internal sphincter surrounds what section of male urethra? If it is as INVOLUNTARY muscle, what type of muscle must it be?
6) What is the voluntary male urethral sphincter called? What type of muscles and where? |
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Definition
1) Preprostatic urethra
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2) Prostatic urethra
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3) pelvic floor, perennial, membranous urethra, membrane
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4) Penile / spongy / phallic urethra
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5) Very beginning. SMOOTH muscular ring.
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6) External (/voluntary) sphincter. SKELETAL MUSCLES @ pelvic floor |
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Term
| FEMALE URETHRA: Schematic view [image] 1) What is just posterior to urethra? 2) What is the one and only urethral sphincter called & made of? 3) What moderates the pH of female urethra? Where do they open to? 4) How long is typical female urethra? Implication? 5) What does UTI-proneness result from besides urethral length? |
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Definition
| 1) VAGINAL CANAL . . . . . . . 2) Voluntary sphincter urethra, skeletal muscles . . . . . . . 3) PERIURETHRAL GLANDS that open up to urethra, big surprise . . . . . . . 4) 4 cm - more likely to get bacteria up in dere, i.e. UTI's . . . . . . . 5) An ABSENCE of 2nd (INTERNAL) SPHINCTER |
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Term
BLOOD / NERVE SUPPLY: Urinary system
1) The upper ureter and _ are supplied by which artery?
2) Branches of the internal iliac artery supply which 3 things?
3) Around the renal arteries, we find renal plexuses. What does this indicate about what this plexus innervates?
- What are the 3 sympathetic inputs for this plllexus?
- What is the 1 parasymph input " "?
4) What plexus innervates the urinary bladder and urethra?
- symph inputs?
- parasymph input?
(hint: all inputs are splanchnic) |
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Definition
1) Kidneys, RENAL ARTERY
2) Lower ureter, urinary bladder and urethra
3) Renal plexus innervates kidneys and upper ureters
- Symph inputs: lesser, least, lumbar (hint: "lll") splanchnic nerves
- Parasymph inputs: CN X (vagus)
4) Inferior hypogastric plexus
- Symph: lumbar & sacral splanchnic nerves
- Parasymph: pelvic splanchnic nerves (****FROM MT2: THE ONLY PLEXUS WITH PARASYMPATHETIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES) |
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