Term
| What does the Urinary System do for us? |
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Definition
| It maintains composition, pH & volume.. of body fluids. It removes metabolic wastes & excess chemicals, excretes foreign substances. |
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Term
| What are the 4 organs that compose the urinary system? |
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Definition
1) kidneys!!
2) bladder
3) ureters
4) urethra |
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Term
| What are the general functions of the 4 organs? |
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Definition
Kidneys - remove substances from blood and form urine
Ureters: transport urine from kidneys
Urinary bladder: collects urine
Urethra: urine outta body |
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Term
| Kidneys. Which kidney is higher than the other? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kidneys. What's the term for their location in relation to the abdomen? What does that mean? |
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Definition
| Retroperitoneal. Meaning they sit posterior to the organs encased in peritoneal membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
renal capsule (outer) - fibrous connective tissue
renal cortex - forms a shell around medulla, forms renal columns.
renal medulla - forms renal pyramids. CONTAINS FUNCTIONAL UNITS of kidney.
renal pelvis - leads into ureter.
Major & minor calyces - collecting areas for urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic structural/functional unit of kidney. |
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Term
| What are functions of the kidneys? |
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Definition
Rid body of metabolic wastes.
Control rate of RBC production (secrete erythropoietin).
Regulate blood pressure (through renin).
Regulate calcium absorption.
"Hemodialysis" - regulates blood to be cleaned across an artificial membrane. |
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Term
| Arcuate arteries are found where? |
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Definition
| At the junction of the cortex & medulla of the kidneys. derr. |
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Term
| Renal arteries receive how much of body's blood? (pumped from the heart) |
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Definition
15 to 30% woahhh.
Enter renal arteries, into hilum and then branch into interlobar arteries. |
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Term
| Each kidney contains HOW MANY functional units, aka nephrons. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nephron consists of renal BLANK and renal BLANK. |
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Definition
| renal CORPUSCLE and renal TUBULE |
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Term
| Renal corpuscle consists of 2 parts: |
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Definition
1) Glomerulus (capillaries)
2) Bowman's capsule (cup surrounding glomerulus) |
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Term
| What enters and what exits the renal corpuscle? |
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Definition
Afferent arteriole enters.
Efferent " exits. derr. |
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Term
| Renal corpuscle is made of what kind of epithelium? |
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Definition
Squamous epithelium.
2 layers of it.
1) Visceral (inner) layer - podocytes
2) Parietal (outer) layer - continuous with renal tubule |
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Term
| Podocytes of the renal corpuscle. |
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Definition
These give off primary processes which in turn give off secondary processes.
("Pedicels" are 2nd processes that line the glomerulus)
Podocytes form SLIT PORES (?) |
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Term
Renal tubule leads away from BLANK.
3 parts of the tubule... |
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Definition
from CORPUSCLE.
1) Proximal convoluted tubule (in cortex)
2) Nephron Loop (medulla portion)
3) Distal convoluted tubule (cortex portion) |
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Term
| What do the 3 parts of the renal tubule lead to? |
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Definition
| Collecting duct. (not part of the nephron) and that empties into minor calyx. |
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Term
| Nephron loop is 3 things: |
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Definition
Descending limb
Loop of Henle
Ascending Limb |
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Term
| Modified epithelial cells of ascending limb are densely packed. What are they called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Wall of afferent arteriole has modified cells. What are these called? |
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Definition
| Juxta-glomerular cells (JG cells) |
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Term
| What two cell types form the JG apparatus? |
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Definition
| Macula densa and JG cells. |
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Term
| What is the function of the JG apparatus? And what else is it important for? |
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Definition
| Monitor BP through afferent arteriole. & Important for secretion of renin. |
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Term
| So the JG cells are in the afferent arteriole and the macula densa are in the distal convoluted loop. But those two areas connect to make what? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we name the location of different renal corpuscles in relation to the medulla? (2 categories) |
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Definition
1) Cortical (as in, near cortex) OR
2) Juxtamedullary |
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Term
| Afferent arteriole has LARGER OR SMALLER diameter than most arterioles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Efferent arteriole has small diameter - why? |
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Definition
| To create high pressure in glomerulus |
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Term
| Capillaries of efferent arteriole called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Glomerular filtration + tubular secretion - tubular reabsorption |
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Term
| Beginning of urine formation: Glomerular filtration. What does it filter? |
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Definition
| It filters water and ions... whatever can pass thru it's fenestrae in capillaries. So proteins CANNOT pass through and thus, stay in body. |
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Term
| What does the glomerular capsule receive? How is that different from other body tissues? |
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Definition
| It receives the glom. filtrate (which in any other body tissue would be interstitial fluid) |
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Term
| Glomerulus filters what EXACTLY? (long list) |
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Definition
| water, glucose, amino acids (mini babies), urea, uric acid, creatine, Na, Cl, K, Ca, HCO3-2 (bicarbonate), phosphate, & sulfate ions. |
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Term
| The concentrations of various ions in the BLANK determine BLANK |
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Definition
| in the Glomerulus determines DISEASE. |
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Term
| What's the driving force behind filtration? And what opposes this force? |
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Definition
Hydrostatic pressure. derr.
Colloid osmotic pressure opposes this force. |
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Term
| So what are forces that FAVOR filtration? and OPPOSE filtration? |
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Definition
Favor: hydrostatic pressure within the glom. CHECK
Oppose: Capsular hydrostatic pressure so, osmotic pressure in the glomerulus (?) |
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Term
| Sympathetic stimulation (ie. stress or exercise) --> VasoCONSTRICTION of afferent arteriole --> Decreased pressure and decrease in filtration --> You'll pee less. |
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Definition
| ok. vasodilation in this area causes opposite effect. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic stimulation (ie. chillin) --> VasoCONSTRICTION of now EFFERENT arteriole --> Increased pressure and increased filtration --> You'll pee more. |
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Definition
| ok. vasodilation in this area causes opposite effect. |
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Term
| Decrease in colloid osmotic pressure means: |
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Definition
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Term
| Blockage, ex. kidney stone, increases BLANK and decreases BLANK. |
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Definition
increases capsular hydrostatic pressure.
decreases filtration. |
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Term
| Where is filtrate reabsorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What's the second method of control of filtration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Renin reacts with angiotensinogen from the liver in blood to convert to angiotensin I |
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Definition
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Term
| Angiotensin I gets turned into II where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Angiotensin II is the active hormone. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are functions of angiotensin II? |
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Definition
Vasoconstricts Efferent arteriole increasing glomerular pressure
Stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal cortex. (Aldosterone stimulate sodium reabsorption at the nephron)
Stimulates ADH release increasing water reabsorption at the nephron. |
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Term
| What's released during high blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Besides renin, ANP, stimulated by atrial stretching when the BP is high. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sodium excretion at the nephron. |
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Term
| Tubular reabsorption: Changes in composition of glomerular filtrate to urine are caused by reabsorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tubular reabsorption is controlled by epithelium of BLANK and BLANK |
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Definition
| of renal tubule and collecting duct |
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Term
| Where does most reabsorption occur? |
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Definition
at the Proximal Convulated tubule (PCT)
(has microvilli on epithelium to increase surface area for absorption) |
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Term
| Peritubular capillary is under BLANK pressure and is BLANK permeable than normal capillaries |
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Definition
| under LOW pressure and is MORE permeable |
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Term
| Glucose reabsorption requires active transport and occurs at the BLANK |
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Definition
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Term
| Water is reabsorbed through BLANK (process) |
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Definition
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Term
| Portions of the BLANK and BLANK are impermeable to water |
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Definition
| distal convulated tubule & collecting duct |
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Term
| What does it mean to have limited transport capacity? |
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Definition
| It means membrane proteins can only transport a certain number of molecules into the cell in a period of time |
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Term
| What is renal plasma threshold? |
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Definition
| It is when the plasma glucose is elevated to the point where some glucose is excreted |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Some smaller proteins may enter the filtrate and are reabsorbed through endocytosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Electrolytes can be reabsorbed to an extent but are also lost to urine due to limited ability for reabsorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sodium and Water reabsorption are closely related. cuz: |
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Definition
| water keeps the solute levels lower in blood. |
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Term
| Sodium is positively charged. So negatively charged ions also follow: chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does most Na reabsorption occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What affects the solute concentration of urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What acts as a water channel to reabsorb more water? |
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Definition
| ADH from the post. pituitary causes AQUAPORINS (?) to insert into cell membranes |
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Term
| What is the "countercurrent mechanism"? |
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Definition
| It's what causes fluid movement through the nephron loop |
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Term
| Ascending limb is impermeable to BLANK. only reabsorbs BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK |
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Definition
| Ascending limb is impermeable to water, only reabsorbs sodium, chloride, and potassium |
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Term
| Descending limb is impermeable to BLANK . only is permeable to BLANK. |
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Definition
| Descending limb is impermeable to solutes. only is permeable to water. |
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Term
| Urine is concentrated by: |
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Definition
| the different permeabilities of ascending and descending limb of nephron loop |
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Term
| Countercurrent multiplier? creates what? |
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Definition
| Countercurrent multiplier creates osmotic gradient for water reabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
a by-product of protein catabolism
(amount of urea reflects the amount of protein in the diet) |
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Term
| About 80% of urea is reabsorbed |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a by-product of nucleic acid metabolism |
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Term
| Both urea and uric acid contribute to: |
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Definition
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Term
| How much water is in urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the range of volume daily of urine? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rate at which a particular chemical is removed from blood |
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Term
| Ureters. -how long -What are the ureter wall layers? |
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Definition
about 25 cm long (10 inches)
Wall is 3 layers: mucus coat, muscular coat, fibrous coat |
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Term
| Presence of urine in BLANK initiates peristaltic wave |
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Definition
| presence of urine in renal pelvis initiates the wave |
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Term
| In females, the urinary bladder is anterior of the: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| region within bladder formed by ureters & urethra |
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Term
| 4 layers of the urinary bladder |
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Definition
mucus coat: transitional epithelium (stretchy)
submucos coat: connective tissue with elastic fibers
muscular coat: detrusor muscle (forms internal urethral sphincter)
serous coat: fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
| Urethra is lined with what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thick layer of longitudinal smooth muscle layers. There are many urethral glands (mucus glands) |
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Term
| Urethra is how long in females and males (males have 3 different sections): |
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Definition
In females, it's 4 cm (1.5 inches) long.
In males: Prostatic urethra: 2.5 cm, Membranous urethra: 2 cm, Penile urethra: about 15 cm (6 inches) |
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Term
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Definition
| external urethral orifice |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs during micturition (the urinary reflex)? |
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Definition
| The detrusor muscle CONTRACTS. Internal & external urethral sphincters relax. Distension causes relax. Nerve centers in the pons & hypothalamus lift inhibition of reflex |
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