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Urinary Chapter
Urinary Chapter - Dr. Hoffman's Class
14
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/06/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Renal Functions
Definition

Filter 200 liters of blood daily, allowing toxins, metabolic wastes and excess ions to leave body in urine

 

regulate volume  and chemical makeup of blood

 

maintain proper balance between water and salts, acids and bases

 

Glucogenesis during prologned fasting

 

production of renin(enzyme to regulate blood pressure)  and erythropoietin  (red blood cell production)

 

Metabolizing vitamin D to active form  

Term
Renal Hilus
Definition

leads to renal sinus

where ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves enter and exit  

Term
Layers supporting Kidney
Definition

renal capsule - fibrous capsule - prevents infection

adipose capsule - fatty mass which cushions and helps attach kidney to body wall

renal fascia - outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors kidney  

Term
Renal Vascular Pathway
Definition
Abdnominal Aorta --> renal artery --> segmental artery --> interlobar artery --> arcurate artery --> cortical radiate artery --> afferent arteriole  --> glomerulus (capillaries) --> efferent arteriole --> peritubular capillaries and vas recta --> cortical radiate vein --> arcurate vein --> interlobar vein --> renal vein --> inferior vena cava
Term
NEPHRON
Definition

structural and functional unit - form urine

Consists of:

glomerulus: tuft of capillaries associated with renal tubule  

Bowman's Capsule: surrounds tubule

renal corpuscle - glomerulus + bowman's capsule  

glomerular endothelium - fenestrated epithelium that allows solute-rich virtually protein free filtrate to pass from blood into glomerulus

 

Term
Anatomy of Glomerular Capsule (Bowman's Capsule)
Definition

external parietal layer = simple squamous (structural)

visceral layer = epithelial podocytes with foot processes

Filtration slits are openings between podocytes' foot processes that allow filtrate to pass into capsular space 

Term
Renal Tubule
Definition

PCT - composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli (absoprtion!) and mitochondria (ATP) --> reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it

 

Loop of Henle - loop of renal tube

proximal part similar to PCT

followed by thin segment (simple squamous cells) and thick segment (cuboidal to columnar cells)

 

DCT - cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than absorption  

Term
Connecting Tubules
Definition

connect the DCT with the collecting ducts 

 

IMPORTANT CELL TYPES

intercalated cells: cuboidal cells with microvilli

Function:  maintaining acid-base ballance of body

 

Principal cells: cuboidal without microvilli

Function: maintain body's water and salt balance

 

Term
TYPES OF NEPHRONS
Definition

Cortical nephrons - 85% of nephrons - located in cortex

 

juxamedullary nephrons: located at cortex-medulla junction, have extensive thin segments that extend deep into medulla

involved in production of concentrated urine (so therefore a LOT more water is reabsorbed in these) 

Term
Capillary Beds of Nephrons
Definition

each has two capillary beds: glomerulus, peritubular capillaries

 

Each glomerulus is fed by an afferent arteriole and drained be an efferent tubule

 

Blood pressure in golmerulus is high b/c arterioles are high-resisitance vessles, afferent arteriolse have larger diameters than effernt artieruols

 

peritubular beds - low pressure, pourous capillaries adopted for absorption

arise from efferent arterioles

cling to adjacent tubules

empty into renal venous system

 

Vasa recta - long straing efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary  nephrons

 

Term
Vascular Resistance in Microcirculation
Definition

afferent and efferent arteiroles = hifh resistance to blood flow

Resistance in afferent - protects glomeruli from fluctuations in systemic blood pressure

Resistance in efferent - reinforces high glomerulus blood pressure and reduces hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries  

Term
JGA - Jutaglomerular Aparatus
Definition

where distal tubule lies against afferent (sometimes effernt) arteriole

 

arteriole walls have JG cells = enlarged smooth muscle cells that have secretory granules containing renin - act as mechanoreceptors (Sense blood pressure in afferent 

 

Macula Densa celles - tall, closely packed distal tubule cells and lie adjacent to JG cells - function as chemoreceptors and monitor changes in NaCl content of filtrate 

 

Etraglomerular mesangial cells - phagocytic and contracile properties - influence capillary function  

 

Term
Filtration Membrane
Definition

filter that lies between blood and interior of glomerular capsule

 

composed of three layers

fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capsule

visceral membrane of glomerular capsule (podocytes)

basement membrane composed of fused basal cells  

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